Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex's leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably corresponded to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron - a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
Last try:05/03/2020 21:18Word Count: 332
The lecturer refutes all three arguments presented in the reading passage about whether the fossil record of Tyrannosaurus rex(T.rex) consist of actual tissues of animal in their bone marrow. The reading suggests that the fossil record dated 70 million years, contains soft flexible materials, iron filled spheres, and collagen in the inner hollow part of the leg bone of T.rex. However, the professor is skeptical about each of the claims and is presenting a counter-argument for each of the assertions.
To begin with, the reading says that the soft, flexible, organic substance inside the bonemarrow were remains of blood vessels. The professor, on the other hand, believes that those were left by bacterial cells. He explains this by saying that long after an animal dies, bacteria can colonize the hollows created by once occupied blood vessels. The bacteria can live there and produce traces of organic material that is soft and moist. Therefore the reading and the researchers misinterpret these residues as remains of blood vessels. Thus the professor precisely proves that this argument is incorrect.
Secondly, the professor rejects the possibility of iron filled spheres as red blood cells of T.rex. He states that these spheres can also be identified from the fossil remains of primitive animals that had been found from the same site. But some of these animals didn't have RBC's. As a result, we cannot conclude that the function and the location of the spheres were accurate in T.rex fossils. He thinks that the iron filled spheres are pieces of reddish mineral.
Finally, the reading posits that there is a presence of collagen in the leg bones of this giant creature. On the contrary, the tutor says it is not possible to find collagen fibers older than 100 years. So it is not feasible to find collagen in a 700 million-year-old fossil record. Furthermore, he adds that it is impossible to come from T.rex. He confronts that the collagen comes from the researchers who handle the rex bones.
The lecturer refutes all three arguments presented in the reading passage about whether the fossil record of Tyrannosaurus rex(T.rex) consist of actual tissues of animal in their bone marrow. The reading suggests that the fossil record dated 70 million years, contains soft flexible materials, iron filled spheres, and collagen in the inner hollow part of the leg bone of T.rex. However, the professor is skeptical about each of the claims and is presenting a counter-argument for each of the assertions.
To begin with, the reading says that the soft, flexible, organic substance inside the bonemarrow were remains of blood vessels. The professor, on the other hand, believes that those were left by bacterial cells. He explains this by saying that long after an animal dies, bacteria can colonize the hollows created by once occupied blood vessels. The bacteria can live there and produce traces of organic material that is soft and moist. Therefore the reading and the researchers misinterpret these residues as remains of blood vessels. Thus the professor precisely proves that this argument is incorrect.
Secondly, the professor rejects the possibility of iron filled spheres as red blood cells of T.rex. He states that these spheres can also be identified from the fossil remains of primitive animals that had been found from the same site. But some of these animals didn't have RBC's. As a result, we cannot conclude that the function and the location of the spheres were accurate in T.rex fossils. He thinks that the iron filled spheres are pieces of reddish mineral.
Finally, the reading posits that there is a presence of collagen in the leg bones of this giant creature. On the contrary, the tutor says it is not possible to find collagen fibers older than 100 years. So it is not feasible to find collagen in a 700 million-year-old fossil record. Furthermore, he adds that it is impossible to come from T.rex. He confronts that the collagen comes from the researchers who handle the rex bones.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 437, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...rganic material that is soft and moist. Therefore the reading and the researchers misinte...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 536, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Thus,
...e residues as remains of blood vessels. Thus the professor precisely proves that thi...
^^^^
Line 5, column 264, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
...he same site. But some of these animals didnt have RBCs. As a result, we cannot concl...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, furthermore, however, if, second, secondly, so, therefore, thus, as a result, on the contrary, to begin with, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 30.0 22.412803532 134% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 42.0 30.3222958057 139% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1681.0 1373.03311258 122% => OK
No of words: 332.0 270.72406181 123% => OK
Chars per words: 5.06325301205 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.2685907696 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.63019767919 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 180.0 145.348785872 124% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.542168674699 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 506.7 419.366225166 121% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 37.1636770098 49.2860985944 75% => OK
Chars per sentence: 93.3888888889 110.228320801 85% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.4444444444 21.698381199 85% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.16666666667 7.06452816374 116% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.137647097182 0.272083759551 51% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0377051842778 0.0996497079465 38% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0461136102566 0.0662205650399 70% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0794278495047 0.162205337803 49% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0379306849252 0.0443174109184 86% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.6 13.3589403974 87% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 61.67 53.8541721854 115% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.07 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.67 8.42419426049 103% => OK
difficult_words: 87.0 63.6247240618 137% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.