Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals’ living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was madewhen researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small ranching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells, tests showed that the spheres contained iron-a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
The reading and the lecture are both about whether the remains found from the dinosaur's skin included organic substances. The author of the reading passage claims that the recent discovery of the creature is proof and the narrator provided three reasons, while the lecturer believes that the claims made by the author are skeptical.
First of all, the author of the reading passage states that from breaking the leg bone of the T Rex, the scientists discovered that it had an organic mineral, similar to the blood vessel. The lecturer rebuts this argument by saying that the finding was something else because when an animal dies, bacteria colonize the hollows of the animal's bone, and afterward, they leave traces of their residue.
Secondly, the author posits that the researchers tracked remains of red blood vessel containers since there was a presence of iron which supplemented the blood tissue. The lecturer, however, disagrees. She suggests that the fossils of other animals did not include red blood vessels. She explains it further by saying that the red color of the substance may have indicated the origin of a different mineral.
Finally, according to the reading passage, collagen, which is a nutritious element that was found from the bone, was the main part of the skin. The lecturer says that the collagen does not last long, as it is impossible to find collagen from dead animals. She goes on to say that the collagen could have come from the skin of the researcher.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, however, if, may, second, secondly, so, while, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 22.412803532 89% => OK
Preposition: 29.0 30.3222958057 96% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1244.0 1373.03311258 91% => OK
No of words: 250.0 270.72406181 92% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.976 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.97635364384 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.45006448895 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 138.0 145.348785872 95% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.552 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 373.5 419.366225166 89% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 53.7335021769 49.2860985944 109% => OK
Chars per sentence: 113.090909091 110.228320801 103% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.7272727273 21.698381199 105% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.27272727273 7.06452816374 103% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 0.0 4.33554083885 0% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0883021087547 0.272083759551 32% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0334025312895 0.0996497079465 34% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0493696857396 0.0662205650399 75% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.051983508627 0.162205337803 32% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0379693210135 0.0443174109184 86% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.4 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.9 12.2367328918 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.64 8.42419426049 103% => OK
difficult_words: 62.0 63.6247240618 97% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.