Carved stone balls are a curious type of artifact found at a number of |locations in Scotland. They date from the late Neolithic period, around 4,000 years ago. They are round in shape; they were carved from several types of stone; most are about 70 mm in diameter; and many are ornamented to some degree. Archaeologists do not agree about their purpose and meaning, but there are several theories.
One theory is that the carved stone balls were weapons used in hunting or fighting. Some of the stone balls have been found with holes in them, and many have grooves on the surface. It is possible that a cord was strung through the holes or laid in the grooves around the ball. Holding the stone balls at the end of the cord would have allowed a person to swing it around or throw it.
A second theory is that the carved stone balls were used as part of a primitive system of weights and measures. The fact that they are so nearly uniform in size - at 70 mm in diameter-suggests that the balls were interchangeable and represented some standard unit of measure. They could have been used as standard weights to measure quantities of grain or other food, or anything that needed to be measured by weight on a balance or scale for the purpose of trade.
A third theory is that the carved stone balls served a social purpose as opposed to a practical or utilitarian one. This view is supported by the fact that many stone balls have elaborate designs. The elaborate carving suggests that the stones may have marked the important social status of their owners.
The reading passage and lecture have a confliction opinions about the funcion and meaning of the carved stiones in Neolithic period. The article strongly postulates that there is no agreement on how the stones were used as well as what they presented. However, there are many theories presented to discuss the carved stones meaning and purposes. On the other hand, the listening adamantly delinates that none of the theories are convincing.
First and foremost, according to the author of the excerpt, many stone balls have been found with holes and grooves. therefore, they may used for hunting and fighting by holding them at the end of cord in order to throw the carved stones. Nonetheless, the lecture offsets these points by insisting that if the carved stones weren't used as weapons owing to the fact that no signs show that. Also, many carved stones weren't damaged and carcked. As a result, the stones were well preserved.
The professor in the lecture further points out that these stones were uniformed in size, but they were made from different types of stones, thereby having diffrent masses. Some types of stones have different weight than others. Consequently, they weren't used as measuring units. These claims refute the writher implication of how the carved stones were used as part of system of weights and measures.
The article lastly asserts that some of the carved stones have complex design, so they are used as social purposes. Furthermore, the complex design maybe used to mark significant status. In contrast, the speaker in the lecture counters these points by insisting that the stones were not to mark highly people in the soceity. In other words, no carved stoens were found buried with important people.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-11-05 | alta | 80 | view |
| 2019-10-20 | Seema Modak | 75 | view |
| 2019-09-23 | Mahimoon | 75 | view |
| 2019-03-25 | moath322 | 80 | view |
| 2018-11-30 | toeflbeginner | 68 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 118, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Therefore
...have been found with holes and grooves. therefore, they may used for hunting and fighting...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 325, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: weren't
... by insisting that if the carved stones werent used as weapons owing to the fact that ...
^^^^^^
Line 3, column 416, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: weren't
...gns show that. Also, many carved stones werent damaged and carcked. As a result, the s...
^^^^^^
Line 5, column 249, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: weren't
... weight than others. Consequently, they werent used as measuring units. These claims r...
^^^^^^
Line 7, column 33, Rule ID: SOME_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'some'.
Suggestion: some
...res. The article lastly asserts that some of the carved stones have complex design, so t...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 342, Rule ID: NOW[1]
Message: Did you mean 'now' (=at this moment) instead of 'no' (negation)?
Suggestion: now
... people in the soceity. In other words, no carved stoens were found buried with im...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, consequently, first, furthermore, however, if, lastly, may, nonetheless, so, therefore, well, in contrast, as a result, as well as, in other words, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 8.0 12.0772626932 66% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 35.0 30.3222958057 115% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1457.0 1373.03311258 106% => OK
No of words: 287.0 270.72406181 106% => OK
Chars per words: 5.07665505226 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.11595363751 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.41350512342 2.5805825403 94% => OK
Unique words: 149.0 145.348785872 103% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.519163763066 0.540411800872 96% => OK
syllable_count: 445.5 419.366225166 106% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 37.127014759 49.2860985944 75% => OK
Chars per sentence: 85.7058823529 110.228320801 78% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.8823529412 21.698381199 78% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.3529411765 7.06452816374 147% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 6.0 4.19205298013 143% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.307092932193 0.272083759551 113% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.10100701124 0.0996497079465 101% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0484101062083 0.0662205650399 73% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.198053762029 0.162205337803 122% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0341084412733 0.0443174109184 77% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.9 13.3589403974 82% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 55.24 53.8541721854 103% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.89 12.2367328918 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.61 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 76.0 63.6247240618 119% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.