Large numbers of dinosaur fossils have been discovered in deposits on Alaska's North Slope, a region that today experiences an extremely cold, arctic climate. One hundred million years ago, when those dinosaurs were alive, the environment of the North Slope was already inhospitable, especially during the winter when it experienced several months of total darkness. How did the dinosaurs survive the wintertime? Paleontologists have proposed that one of the most common North Slope dinosaurs, the elephant-sized edmontosaur (Edmontosaurus), survived the winter by migrating south to more hospitable regions. Several arguments support the migration hypothesis.
First, the edmontosaur's diet supports the migration hypothesis. Edmontosaurs fed exclusively on plants. Since there would have been no plants growing during the cold and dark North Slope winter, it appears that the edmontosaur must have left for at least part of the year and migrated to more temperate zones to find food.
Second, many edmontosaur skeletons have been unearthed from the same site. This suggests that edmontosaurs lived in herd. Many modern-day migratory animals, such as caribou and buffalo, live and migrate in herds as well. Moving in herds helps animals coordinate their migration. The finding that edmonotsaurs lived in herds further supports the migration hypothesis.
Finally, edmonosaurs were physically capable of migrating long distances. To reach more hospitable regions, the edmontosaur had to migrate about 1,600 kilometers southward. To make such a journey, the edmontosaur needed to move at about five kilometers per hour for several weeks, which is certainly could do. These animals could run very fast, reaching speeds up to 45 kilometers per hour. It could have easily used its locomotive power to move to warmer climate during the harsh arctic winters.
In the reading material, the author cites three reasons to support his/her vierpoint that edmontosaur should immigrating south to more temper area to survive, due to the environment of the North Slope was extremely cold in winter. Nevertheless, the lecturer in the listening material argues that edmontosaurs don't need to migrate in winter, and opposes the points in the reading material.
First and foremost, the author argues that edmontosaur's diet indicates they had migrated in winter. Their main source of food is base on plants, the vegetations in cold winter of North Slope could not survive. The edmontosaurs need to travel to more temperate places to get enough foods. However, the lecturer offers and opposite stand that North Slope temperature was more warmer than today. In summer, there had 24 hours sunlight which is good for the plants growth. In the cold winter, although the plants might die out, the edmontosaurs could have sufficient food from the dead vegetations to support their lives.
In addition, the lecturer casts doubt on the author's anoter reason that the skeletons of edmontosaurs were unearthed from same site. This proved they were live in herds which could help them coordinate their migration; the lecturer also demonsttrates that living in herds doesn't mean they need to migrate. There are other reasons for living in herds. First, it could provide extra protection from predators. Second, there were other species of dinosaurs that they also eat plants to survive, but they were not migrators.
Finally, the author's third reason that edmontosaurs were able to migrating long distances, because they run significant fast and could reach up to 45 kilometers per hour. This point of view also counteracted by the lecturer who points out that the young edmontosaurs were not physically capable of migrating for long distances. In this case, they might slow down the herds speed while migrating. The adult edmontosaurs might not leave them along, because they could not survive by themselves. In this case, the herds might stay with the young edmontosaurs in same places.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 131, Rule ID: MOST_COMPARATIVE[2]
Message: Use only 'temper' (without 'more') when you use the comparative.
Suggestion: temper
...edmontosaur should immigrating south to more temper area to survive, due to the environment...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 310, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: don't
...ening material argues that edmontosaurs dont need to migrate in winter, and opposes ...
^^^^
Line 3, column 370, Rule ID: MOST_COMPARATIVE[2]
Message: Use only 'warmer' (without 'more') when you use the comparative.
Suggestion: warmer
... stand that North Slope temperature was more warmer than today. In summer, there had 24 hou...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 455, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[2]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'plants'' or 'plant's'?
Suggestion: plants'; plant's
...24 hours sunlight which is good for the plants growth. In the cold winter, although th...
^^^^^^
Line 5, column 1, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
... vegetations to support their lives. In addition, the lecturer casts doubt on t...
^^
Line 5, column 273, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
...also demonsttrates that living in herds doesnt mean they need to migrate. There are ot...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, however, if, nevertheless, second, so, third, while, in addition
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 14.0 5.04856512141 277% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 30.0 22.412803532 134% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 50.0 30.3222958057 165% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1774.0 1373.03311258 129% => OK
No of words: 340.0 270.72406181 126% => OK
Chars per words: 5.21764705882 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.29407602571 4.04702891845 106% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.64208683381 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 177.0 145.348785872 122% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.520588235294 0.540411800872 96% => OK
syllable_count: 515.7 419.366225166 123% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 12.0 8.23620309051 146% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 47.3380279362 49.2860985944 96% => OK
Chars per sentence: 98.5555555556 110.228320801 89% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.8888888889 21.698381199 87% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.05555555556 7.06452816374 72% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 6.0 4.19205298013 143% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0975930586854 0.272083759551 36% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0322820087543 0.0996497079465 32% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0471516602191 0.0662205650399 71% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0654498991279 0.162205337803 40% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0353118032617 0.0443174109184 80% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.6 13.3589403974 94% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 61.67 53.8541721854 115% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.0 12.2367328918 106% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.92 8.42419426049 94% => OK
difficult_words: 73.0 63.6247240618 115% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 12.0 10.7273730684 112% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.