The little ice age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900CE. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientist have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.
The reading passage explores three possible theories that account for the Little Ice Age. That is, disrupting of ocean currents, volcanic eruptions and increasing areas of forest. However, the professor does not concur with them and proposed some new evidences to support his opinion.
Initially, the professor rejects the claim in the reading passage that changes of ocean currents may contribute to the occurrence of Little Ice Age. According to the reading passage, when melted water flows into Gulf Stream, the ocean currents change global climate drastically. Differing from the statement, the professor argues that this point does not make sense. He points out, although decreased temperature happened in Europe and North America may caused by the disrupting of ocean currents. However, in southern areas like New Zealand and South Africa, scientists also find the evidence of cooling temperature, which has nothing to do with Gulf Stream or other ocean currents. Therefore, disrupting of ocean currents cannot explain the existence of Little Ice Age.
Moreover, the author of the passage avers that volcanic eruption plays an important part in the occurrence of Little Ice Age. Those clouds made of volcanic dust prevent sunlight from reaching the surface ground of Earth. Nevertheless, the professor refutes this idea. He admitted that enough dust truly lead to the tendency of lower temperature. But such tremendous disaster must be conspicuous to humankind. Some strange phenomena like colorful sunset, grey or brown snow are certain to be reported. Yet, there are not any records we can ever find.
Finally, the professor casts doubt on the theory that the decreased human population may help with the cooling tendency of climate. The reading passage contends that it is because more trees are grown in forest, which in turn reduce the greenhouse effect. On the contrary, the professor thinks that time is so limited to cause this result. Given the fact that human population reach back to the former standard quickly, trees are cut down again in order to enlarge crops field and then support more people. That is to say, it is unlikely to cause global cooling in such a short term.
Discourse Markers used:
['also', 'but', 'finally', 'however', 'if', 'may', 'moreover', 'nevertheless', 'so', 'then', 'therefore', 'on the contrary', 'that is to say']
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance in Part of Speech:
Nouns: 0.28391959799 0.261695866417 108% => OK
Verbs: 0.14824120603 0.158904122519 93% => OK
Adjectives: 0.0954773869347 0.0723426182421 132% => OK
Adverbs: 0.0477386934673 0.0435111971325 110% => OK
Pronouns: 0.0175879396985 0.0277247811725 63% => OK
Prepositions: 0.108040201005 0.128828473217 84% => OK
Participles: 0.0376884422111 0.0370669169778 102% => OK
Conjunctions: 2.52453778219 2.5805825403 98% => OK
Infinitives: 0.0301507537688 0.0208969081088 144% => OK
Particles: 0.00502512562814 0.00154638098197 325% => OK
Determiners: 0.103015075377 0.128158765124 80% => OK
Modal_auxiliary: 0.0150753768844 0.0158828679856 95% => OK
WH_determiners: 0.0125628140704 0.0114777025283 109% => OK
Vocabulary words and sentences:
No of characters: 2202.0 1645.83664459 134% => OK
No of words: 355.0 271.125827815 131% => OK
Chars per words: 6.20281690141 6.08160592843 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.34067318298 4.04852973271 107% => OK
words length more than 5 chars: 0.388732394366 0.374372842146 104% => OK
words length more than 6 chars: 0.318309859155 0.287516216867 111% => OK
words length more than 7 chars: 0.211267605634 0.187439937562 113% => OK
words length more than 8 chars: 0.121126760563 0.113142543107 107% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.52453778219 2.5805825403 98% => OK
Unique words: 207.0 145.348785872 142% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.583098591549 0.539623497131 108% => OK
Word variations: 66.8193334126 53.8517498576 124% => OK
How many sentences: 21.0 13.0529801325 161% => OK
Sentence length: 16.9047619048 21.7502111507 78% => OK
Sentence length SD: 35.5722891462 49.3711431718 72% => OK
Chars per sentence: 104.857142857 132.220823453 79% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.9047619048 21.7502111507 78% => OK
Discourse Markers: 0.619047619048 0.878197800319 70% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 3.39072847682 0% => OK
Readability: 48.7357478203 50.5018328374 97% => OK
Elegance: 2.01176470588 1.90840788429 105% => OK
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.359609999999 0.549887131256 65% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence: 0.0878773126865 0.142949733639 61% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence SD: 0.0710012930491 0.0787303798458 90% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence: 0.484160048252 0.631733273073 77% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence SD: 0.134845064462 0.139662658121 97% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.141855713219 0.266732575781 53% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0845036106133 0.103435571967 82% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence: 0.421600940067 0.414875509568 102% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence SD: 0.051944086333 0.0530846634433 98% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.264919347782 0.40443939384 66% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.031069215351 0.0528353158467 59% => The ideas may be duplicated in paragraphs.
Task Achievement:
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.26048565121 211% => Less neutral sentences wanted.
Positive topic words: 5.0 3.49668874172 143% => OK
Negative topic words: 3.0 3.62251655629 83% => OK
Neutral topic words: 7.0 3.1766004415 220% => OK
Total topic words: 15.0 10.2958057395 146% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
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Less content wanted. Write the essay in 30 minutes.
Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: This is not the final score. The e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.