The little ice age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900CE. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientist have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.
The reading passage puts forwards three possible causes contributing to the Little Ice Age during 1350 - 1900 CE. The professor's lecture, however, believes that all of the three reasons are out-of-date. According to new information gathered by scientists, as the professor puts, the three causes listed in the reading can hardly account for the unusual cooling during that period. In the lecture, the professor justifies his belief with compelling arguments.
First, even though the professor admits that the disrupted ocean currents in Gulf Stream may have cooled Europe and North America, he also notes that the irregular currents could not have caused the overall cooling on earth. The professor supports his idea with the fact that in places much southern that were not affected by the Gulf Stream, such as South Africa and New Zealand, the Little Ice Age also exerted severe impacts. Since the Gulf Stream cannot explain southern cooling, it fails to account for the entire Little Ice Age. The professor's idea obviously contradicts what the reading passage states.
Moreover, contrary to the statement in the reading that the blocking effect generated by volcanic eruption is a possible reason of cold temperature during the Little Ice Age, the professor in the lecture argues that volcanic dust should also gives rise to unique visual effects such as the colorful sunset, which were not regularly recorded during that era. Therefore, volcanic eruption was not strong enough to cause the Little Ice Age.
Finally, the author of the reading passage claims that the decreasing in human population served as an indirect contributing element to the cooled climate, whereas the professor proves that this claim is indefensible. In the lecture, the professor points out that human population quickly grew back to the original size, which means the ensuing cutting down of forest may offset the decrease in carbon dioxide. Thus, a temporary drop in human population could not cause the long-lasting Little Ice Age.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 162, Rule ID: ALL_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'all the'.
Suggestion: all the
...fessors lecture, however, believes that all of the three reasons are out-of-date. Accordin...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 540, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'professors'' or 'professor's'?
Suggestion: professors'; professor's
...ount for the entire Little Ice Age. The professors idea obviously contradicts what the rea...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 243, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'should' requires the base form of the verb: 'give'
Suggestion: give
...e argues that volcanic dust should also gives rise to unique visual effects such as t...
^^^^^
Discourse Markers used:
['also', 'but', 'finally', 'first', 'however', 'if', 'may', 'moreover', 'so', 'therefore', 'thus', 'whereas', 'such as']
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance in Part of Speech:
Nouns: 0.289325842697 0.261695866417 111% => OK
Verbs: 0.11797752809 0.158904122519 74% => OK
Adjectives: 0.0983146067416 0.0723426182421 136% => OK
Adverbs: 0.0589887640449 0.0435111971325 136% => OK
Pronouns: 0.0112359550562 0.0277247811725 41% => OK
Prepositions: 0.120786516854 0.128828473217 94% => OK
Participles: 0.0337078651685 0.0370669169778 91% => OK
Conjunctions: 2.51309293753 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Infinitives: 0.0224719101124 0.0208969081088 108% => OK
Particles: 0.00280898876404 0.00154638098197 182% => OK
Determiners: 0.134831460674 0.128158765124 105% => OK
Modal_auxiliary: 0.0196629213483 0.0158828679856 124% => OK
WH_determiners: 0.0112359550562 0.0114777025283 98% => OK
Vocabulary words and sentences:
No of characters: 2018.0 1645.83664459 123% => OK
No of words: 323.0 271.125827815 119% => OK
Chars per words: 6.24767801858 6.08160592843 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.23936324884 4.04852973271 105% => OK
words length more than 5 chars: 0.442724458204 0.374372842146 118% => OK
words length more than 6 chars: 0.300309597523 0.287516216867 104% => OK
words length more than 7 chars: 0.213622291022 0.187439937562 114% => OK
words length more than 8 chars: 0.108359133127 0.113142543107 96% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.51309293753 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 176.0 145.348785872 121% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.544891640867 0.539623497131 101% => OK
Word variations: 57.8193255389 53.8517498576 107% => OK
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0529801325 100% => OK
Sentence length: 24.8461538462 21.7502111507 114% => OK
Sentence length SD: 80.7708424748 49.3711431718 164% => OK
Chars per sentence: 155.230769231 132.220823453 117% => OK
Words per sentence: 24.8461538462 21.7502111507 114% => OK
Discourse Markers: 1.0 0.878197800319 114% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 3.39072847682 88% => OK
Readability: 54.8771135985 50.5018328374 109% => OK
Elegance: 2.35820895522 1.90840788429 124% => OK
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.40093831621 0.549887131256 73% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence: 0.147632450384 0.142949733639 103% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence SD: 0.0706099644142 0.0787303798458 90% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence: 0.672790112235 0.631733273073 106% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence SD: 0.14586821213 0.139662658121 104% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.212630234514 0.266732575781 80% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0433804888132 0.103435571967 42% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence: 0.523203240541 0.414875509568 126% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence SD: 0.0118832228749 0.0530846634433 22% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.311771324601 0.40443939384 77% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0150111810119 0.0528353158467 28% => The ideas may be duplicated in paragraphs.
Task Achievement:
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.26048565121 94% => OK
Positive topic words: 3.0 3.49668874172 86% => OK
Negative topic words: 6.0 3.62251655629 166% => OK
Neutral topic words: 4.0 3.1766004415 126% => OK
Total topic words: 13.0 10.2958057395 126% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
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Rates: 86.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 26.0 Out of 30
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Note: This is not the final score. The e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.