The little ice age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900CE. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientist have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees carbon dioxide, earth became cooler
The reading excerpt states that there are several possible causes have been proposed of the little ice age, the author provides three reasons for support. However, the lecture's audio claims that there are a lot of problems with the author theories and he refutes each of them by stating the cause of these ideas is not obvious.
To begin with, the article avers that the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. In contrast, the professor opposes this point of view by saying that the gulf disruption caused cooling only in Europe and the north while it happened also in the south and other areas. However, no cooling effect was there. Thus, this point of view is definitely wrong.
Second, the passage posits that volcanic eruption could have caused the little ice age. On the other hand, the speaker asserts that it is right that volcanos lead to cooling effect but they should cause also many visual issues. For instance, coloring sunset. However, no one noticed that. So, this outlook contradicts what the professor explained.
Third, the excerpt mentions that substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. This cast doubt on what the lecturer argues that there was not enough time to work and the trees lied enough long and not able to cause the cooling effect. Thus, the forest could not be a cause of the ice age.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 169, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'lectures'' or 'lecture's'?
Suggestion: lectures'; lecture's
...three reasons for support. However, the lectures audio claims that there are a lot of pr...
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, however, look, may, second, so, third, thus, while, for instance, in contrast, to begin with, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 22.412803532 89% => OK
Preposition: 25.0 30.3222958057 82% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1171.0 1373.03311258 85% => OK
No of words: 240.0 270.72406181 89% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.87916666667 5.08290768461 96% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.93597934253 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.24350528687 2.5805825403 87% => OK
Unique words: 137.0 145.348785872 94% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.570833333333 0.540411800872 106% => OK
syllable_count: 352.8 419.366225166 84% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 55.0226762159 49.2860985944 112% => OK
Chars per sentence: 83.6428571429 110.228320801 76% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.1428571429 21.698381199 79% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.71428571429 7.06452816374 123% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.152854727944 0.272083759551 56% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0510253797809 0.0996497079465 51% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0442033152954 0.0662205650399 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0949212371939 0.162205337803 59% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0269066223305 0.0443174109184 61% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.1 13.3589403974 76% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 62.68 53.8541721854 116% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.7 11.0289183223 79% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.73 12.2367328918 88% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.3 8.42419426049 99% => OK
difficult_words: 58.0 63.6247240618 91% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 12.5 10.7273730684 117% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 78.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.