Like many creatures, humpback whales migrate long distances for feeding and mating purposes. How animals manage to migrate long distances is often puzzling. In the case of humpback whales, we may have found the answer: they may be navigating by the stars, much as early human sailors did. What we know about humpback whales makes this a distinct possibility.
First, humpback whales seem to be intelligent enough to use stars to navigate by. Whales' brains have a high degree of complexity'a common determiner of intelligence. This suggests that the whales' brain power far exceeds that of most other animals. The whales' well-developed cognitive ability seems to provide a sound basis for the ability to use a complex, abstract system of sensory stimuli such as the night sky for orientation.
Second, humpback whales migrate in straight lines. Animals can maintain movement in a straight direction for long distances only if they orient themselves by some external objects or forces. Many birds and other terrestrial creatures, for example, use physical landmarks to help them stay on track as they migrate. Whales, which swim in the open ocean, cannot rely on land features; they could, however, rely on stars at night to provide them with external signs by which to maintain direction over long distances.
Third, humpback whales exhibit an unusual behavior: they are sometimes observed floating straight up for minutes at a time, their heads above the water as though they were looking upward. The behavior is known as spy-hopping, and it is very rare among marine animals. One explanation for the function of spy-hopping is that the whales are looking at the stars, which are providing them with information to navigate by.
The reading passage states that humpack whales which migrate long distances use stars for navigation, similar to ancient human sailors. However, the professor in the leture casts doubt on the points presented by the reading passage and finds them not convincing.
First, considering the reading passage whales are well-developed intelligent animals which have the brain power to use stars for navigation. In contrast, the professor in the lecture contradicts the idea and further explain that using stars for navigations is more likely to originate from instinct, not the intelligence. Probably, there is no connection between intelligence of an animal and using stars for navigation since many unbrilliant animal such as ducks use this method of navigation becuse of their instinct.
Second, the reading claims that whales stay in straight lines during migration so there must be an object than they justify their direction according to that. On the contrary, the professor in the lecture refutes the information presented in the reading passage and makes the point that any explanation for this exists. whales such as some other animals have a part in their brain named bio-magnetite that is sensible to magnetic field of the earth. Thus, they may use the earth's magnetic field to stay on track.
Third, the author in the reading passage puts forward the idea that whales exhibit an strange and rare behavior named spy-hopping in which straight up like they are looking the sky for a while to navigate. On the other hand, the profesor in the lecture contradicts the idea and adds that there are other animals such as sharks which behave the same. Although, they do not migrate so do not need stars for navigation. In fact, there is a way to look for a prey to hunt, as may whales do. Also, whales straight up even the stars can not be seen in the sky so it can not be for navigation.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 13, column 321, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Whales
...t that any explanation for this exists. whales such as some other animals have a part ...
^^^^^^
Line 19, column 84, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'a' instead of 'an' if the following word doesn't start with a vowel sound, e.g. 'a sentence', 'a university'
Suggestion: a
...ts forward the idea that whales exhibit an strange and rare behavior named spy-hop...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, however, if, look, may, second, so, third, thus, well, while, in contrast, in fact, such as, on the contrary, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 38.0 30.3222958057 125% => OK
Nominalization: 13.0 5.01324503311 259% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1591.0 1373.03311258 116% => OK
No of words: 319.0 270.72406181 118% => OK
Chars per words: 4.98746081505 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.22617688928 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.63089163332 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 155.0 145.348785872 107% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.485893416928 0.540411800872 90% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 484.2 419.366225166 115% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 44.593000732 49.2860985944 90% => OK
Chars per sentence: 113.642857143 110.228320801 103% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.7857142857 21.698381199 105% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.0 7.06452816374 142% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.20187601534 0.272083759551 74% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0749902322397 0.0996497079465 75% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0428292211055 0.0662205650399 65% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.12430437067 0.162205337803 77% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0090575767357 0.0443174109184 20% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.5 13.3589403974 101% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.96 12.2367328918 98% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.75 8.42419426049 92% => OK
difficult_words: 61.0 63.6247240618 96% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 12.0 10.7273730684 112% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.