Like many creatures, humpback whales migrate long distances for feeding and mating purposes. How animals manage to migrate long distances is often puzzling. In the case of humpback whales, we may have found the answer: they may be navigating by the stars, much as early human sailors did. What we know about humpback whales makes this a distinct possibility.
First, humpback whales seem to be intelligent enough to use stars to navigate by. Whales' brains have a high degree of complexity -- a common determiner of intelligence. This suggests that the whales' brain power far exceeds that of most other animals. The whales' well-developed cognitive ability seems to provide a sound basis for the ability to use a complex, abstract system of sensory stimuli such as the night sky for orientation.
Second, humpback whales migrate in straight lines. Animals can maintain movement in a straight direction for long distances only if they orient themselves by some external objects or forces. Many birds and other terrestrial creatures, for example, use physical landmarks to help them stay on track as they migrate. Whales, which swim in the open ocean, cannot rely on land features; they could, however, rely on stars at night to provide them with external signs by which to maintain direction over long distances.
Third, humpback whales exhibit an unusual behavior: they are sometimes observed floating straight up for minutes at a time, their heads above the water as though they were looking upward. The behavior is known as spy-hopping, and it is very rare among marine animals. One explanation for the function of spy-hopping is that the whales are looking at the stars, which are providing them with information to navigate by.
the reading states that humback whales for long distance migration, they would navigated by stars and provides three reasons of support. The lecturer, however, challenges the claims made by the author. He explains that none of these claims are convincing and refutes each of the author's claims.
First of all, the author argues that humback whales have enough cognitive ability seems to provide
a sound for use a complex, anstract system of sensory stimuli. In addition, the whales has a enough
intelligence to use star for navigation. this specific argument is challenged by the lecturer. He says that there is no connection between intelligence and navigational ability. The lecturer elaborate on this point by says that other animal-like duck use star for their navigational purpose but they are average intelligent and most interesting thing is that their navigational power is inherent and not to present their intelligence. hence whales' intelligence and their navigational power seems do not connected.
secondly, the author of the reading states that humback whales migrate in straight lines
and they oriented themselves on stars at night to provide them with external signs by which to maintain direction over long distance. the lecturer, however, rebuts this claim that whales have a biomagnetic field and their magnetic field are very sensitive of earth magnetic field. thus their external forces are likely to be earth magnetic fields which they rely on for their long-distance rather than stars.
Finally, the author posits that humbacks have a unusal spy- hopping behavior and whales are looking at the stars, this procedure providinig them with information to navigate them. in contrast, the lecturer position is that this behavior also present others aimal like shark but shark to show this
behavior for hunting animal. moreover, the lecturer says that humbacks this behavior also present their other purpose rather than navigational purpose. hence, this spr hopping bevior's of humback for their navigation is completely speculating.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
the reading states that humback whales for ...
^^^
Line 1, column 80, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'would' requires the base form of the verb: 'navigate'
Suggestion: navigate
...for long distance migration, they would navigated by stars and provides three reasons of ...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: A
...gh cognitive ability seems to provide a sound for use a complex, anstract syste...
^
Line 5, column 92, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...ry stimuli. In addition, the whales has a enough intelligence to use star for n...
^
Line 7, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Intelligence
... In addition, the whales has a enough intelligence to use star for navigation. this specif...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 42, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: This
...ntelligence to use star for navigation. this specific argument is challenged by the ...
^^^^
Line 7, column 436, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Hence
... and not to present their intelligence. hence whales intelligence and their navigatio...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 436, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: hence,
... and not to present their intelligence. hence whales intelligence and their navigatio...
^^^^^
Line 9, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Secondly
...ational power seems do not connected. secondly, the author of the reading states that ...
^^^^^^^^
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Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: And
...back whales migrate in straight lines and they oriented themselves on stars at ni...
^^^
Line 11, column 135, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
... maintain direction over long distance. the lecturer, however, rebuts this claim th...
^^^
Line 11, column 282, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Thus
...very sensitive of earth magnetic field. thus their external forces are likely to be ...
^^^^
Line 11, column 282, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: thus,
...very sensitive of earth magnetic field. thus their external forces are likely to be ...
^^^^
Line 15, column 47, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...y, the author posits that humbacks have a unusal spy- hopping behavior and whale...
^
Line 15, column 81, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... have a unusal spy- hopping behavior and whales are looking at the stars, this pr...
^^
Line 15, column 146, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...he stars, this procedure providinig them with information to navigate them. in co...
^^
Line 15, column 183, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: In
...hem with information to navigate them. in contrast, the lecturer position is that...
^^
Line 15, column 299, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... aimal like shark but shark to show this behavior for hunting animal. moreover, t...
^^^^
Line 17, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Behavior
...al like shark but shark to show this behavior for hunting animal. moreover, the lectu...
^^^^^^^^
Line 17, column 30, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Moreover
...ow this behavior for hunting animal. moreover, the lecturer says that humbacks this b...
^^^^^^^^
Line 17, column 153, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Hence
...rpose rather than navigational purpose. hence, this spr hopping beviors of humback fo...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, hence, however, if, look, moreover, second, secondly, so, thus, in addition, in contrast, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 39.0 22.412803532 174% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 35.0 30.3222958057 115% => OK
Nominalization: 16.0 5.01324503311 319% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1750.0 1373.03311258 127% => OK
No of words: 320.0 270.72406181 118% => OK
Chars per words: 5.46875 5.08290768461 108% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.22948505376 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.70438734975 2.5805825403 105% => OK
Unique words: 166.0 145.348785872 114% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.51875 0.540411800872 96% => OK
syllable_count: 532.8 419.366225166 127% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 55.8647571708 49.2860985944 113% => OK
Chars per sentence: 109.375 110.228320801 99% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.0 21.698381199 92% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.0625 7.06452816374 114% => OK
Paragraphs: 8.0 4.09492273731 195% => Less paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 21.0 4.19205298013 501% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 4.33554083885 208% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.169431696022 0.272083759551 62% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0593256293542 0.0996497079465 60% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0542967100572 0.0662205650399 82% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0777903796244 0.162205337803 48% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.030518402479 0.0443174109184 69% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.3 13.3589403974 107% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 42.72 53.8541721854 79% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.3 11.0289183223 112% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.45 12.2367328918 118% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.72 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 83.0 63.6247240618 130% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Maximum four paragraphs wanted.
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.