Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
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The writer of the passage describes that pterosaurs are not capable of powered flight and provides three reosons of supports. However, the professor in the lecture says that recent studies show that pterosaurs may capable of powered flight and repudiates all of the reasons of the writer.
First, the reading claims that for a powered fligt one need large amount of energy and pterosaurs were not able to produce much energy as they were cold blooded animal. Notwithstanding, the professor refutes this point by saying that recent discovery of fossils shows that pterosaurs were more likely to be warm blooded animal. The professor expounds that the fossils reveal that the body of pterosaurs were covered by hair, which is like the far covers the body of warm blooded animal. It proves that pterosaurs had the metabolism like warm blooded animal, so pterosaurs might capable of powered flight.
Second, the passage posits that pterosaurs are too heavy to fhy as they were heavy as like as zeeraf. On the contrary, the professor challenges this view also and says that their anatomical feature could make them light. According to the professor, the bones of pterosaurs could be hollow, and hollow bones were able to make the body of ptersaurs light, so they could fly by using this anatomical feature.
Third, the author of the article mentions that fossils shows that pterosaurs had weak and small back legs, which were unlikely to support powered flight. Nevertheless, the professor opposes this point too and describes that pterosaurs could use four leg to make a flight. She explains that by using four legs a pterosaurs would able to run fast and powered flight. She added that even a large creature can make a powered flight by using four legs, so it is likely that pterosaurs were capable of powered flight.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 256, Rule ID: ALL_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'all the'.
Suggestion: all the
...apable of powered flight and repudiates all of the reasons of the writer. First, the re...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 310, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[1]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'a pterosaur' or simply 'pterosaurs'?
Suggestion: a pterosaur; pterosaurs
...t. She explains that by using four legs a pterosaurs would able to run fast and powered flig...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, however, may, nevertheless, second, so, third, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 9.0 5.04856512141 178% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 19.0 12.0772626932 157% => OK
Pronoun: 30.0 22.412803532 134% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1519.0 1373.03311258 111% => OK
No of words: 305.0 270.72406181 113% => OK
Chars per words: 4.98032786885 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.17902490978 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.47673615537 2.5805825403 96% => OK
Unique words: 135.0 145.348785872 93% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.44262295082 0.540411800872 82% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 462.6 419.366225166 110% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 23.0 21.2450331126 108% => OK
Sentence length SD: 27.1959795149 49.2860985944 55% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 116.846153846 110.228320801 106% => OK
Words per sentence: 23.4615384615 21.698381199 108% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.76923076923 7.06452816374 82% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 4.33554083885 208% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.2434347511 0.272083759551 89% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.107174412074 0.0996497079465 108% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0517444994897 0.0662205650399 78% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.153803758969 0.162205337803 95% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.050420043079 0.0443174109184 114% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.8 13.3589403974 103% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 56.59 53.8541721854 105% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.9 12.2367328918 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.62 8.42419426049 90% => OK
difficult_words: 55.0 63.6247240618 86% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.2 10.498013245 107% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.