Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific theories presented in the reading passage.
Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they called the sounds "quackers" (from the Russian word for frog sounds). The sources of the sound seemed to be moving with great speed and agility; however, the submarines' sonar (a method of detecting objects underwater) was unable to detect any solid moving objects in the area. There are several theories about what might have caused the odd sounds.
The first theory suggests that the strange noises were actually the calls of male and female orca whales during a courtship ritual. Orca whales are known to inhabit the areas where the submarines were picking up the bizarre noises. Orcas have been studied extensively, and the sounds they make when trying to attract a mate are similar to those that the submarines were detecting.
A second idea is that the sounds were caused by giant squid. Giant squid are giant marine invertebrates that live deep in the ocean and prey on large fish. They are difficult to detect by sonar because they have soft bodies with no skeleton. Not much is known about giant squid behavior, but their complex brains suggest they are intelligent animals. It is possible they have the ability to emit sound, and perhaps they approached the submarines out of curiosity.
A third theory suggests the Russian submarines were picking up stray sounds from some military technology, like another country's submarines that were secretly patrolling the area. Perhaps the foreign submarines did not register on the sonar because they were using a kind of technology specifically designed to make them undetectable by sonar. The strange froglike sounds may have been emitted by the foreign submarines unintentionally.
In the set of materials, the reading states three main theory about hearing strange sounds by Russian submarines patrolling North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean during the 1960s and 1980s. However, the professor refutes all of the claims made in the article, and her reasons are as follows.
To start with, the passage points out that the strange sounds were the calls of male and female orca during a courtship ritual. Nevertheless, the lecturer denis this theory as orca live near the surface water while the submarine lies down deep are unable to hear their sound. Besides if there were orcas in that area the submarine's sonar would have detected it.
Additionally, the reading contends that the sound was caused by Gaint squid which giant marine invertebrates living deep in the ocean. Nevertheless, the professor argues that sound was heard by submarines for two decades and after that, they disappeared. But Gaint squid has been living in the ocean before and after those decades and till now. Besides, they would have been detected by modern sonar.
Last, the articles state that those sounds were from military technology of another country's submarines. Conversely, the professor defends this theory because it is said that sound moves with great speed and agility but the submarines do not move and no submarines have such speed to travel and engine with no sound.
In sum, the professor successfully cast doubts on all the claims presented in the article.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 216, Rule ID: ALL_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'all the'.
Suggestion: all the
...d 1980s. However, the professor refutes all of the claims made in the article, and her rea...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 277, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Besides,
...wn deep are unable to hear their sound. Besides if there were orcas in that area the su...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 322, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'submarines'' or 'submarine's'?
Suggestion: submarines'; submarine's
...es if there were orcas in that area the submarines sonar would have detected it. Additi...
^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
besides, but, conversely, however, if, nevertheless, so, while, to start with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 8.0 12.0772626932 66% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1231.0 1373.03311258 90% => OK
No of words: 242.0 270.72406181 89% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.0867768595 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.94415379849 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.45361657021 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 146.0 145.348785872 100% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.603305785124 0.540411800872 112% => OK
syllable_count: 368.1 419.366225166 88% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 41.9830488279 49.2860985944 85% => OK
Chars per sentence: 102.583333333 110.228320801 93% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.1666666667 21.698381199 93% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.41666666667 7.06452816374 91% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.146955747168 0.272083759551 54% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.051026897055 0.0996497079465 51% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0599952218011 0.0662205650399 91% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0829390474274 0.162205337803 51% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0676908225276 0.0443174109184 153% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.6 13.3589403974 94% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.24 12.2367328918 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.22 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 55.0 63.6247240618 86% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 90.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 27.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.