Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they respond to the specific concerns presented in the reading passage.
Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face. One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible. A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems. Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth's magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship.
The points made in the lecture reassure the possibility of manned missions to Mars. All of the three concerns mentioned in the reading were addressed and resolved in the lecture. With these doubts lifted, sending humans to Mars seems plausible once again.
The first concern brought up in the passage is the shortage of food, water, and oxygen supply on the long voyage to Mars. There would be no room for space vehicles to put on board all the supplies required. Thankfully, the solution of using hydroponics delineated in the lecture resolves the issue. The idea is to cultivate plants that need no soil and grow solely upon water. By doing so, the water these plants use can be recycled for drinking water supply, the plants themselves can provide provision for the space crew, and the plants naturally provide oxygen as a byproduct. Using hydroponics in the long voyage to Mars would resolve the supply shortage concern.
Another concern in the passage relates to the atrophy of the space crew's muscle and other health concerns. This, according to the lecturer, is not a major concern for there are already solutions to this problem that astronauts on space stations are already implementing. These methods include regular exercise and vitamin and calcium intake. Doing so have proven effective in maintaining space crew's health. Therefore, if this was also implemented on the Mars mission, astronauts could still stay healthy despite the long trip.
Finally, the lecturer also addressed the concern of radiation from the Sun mentioned in the reading. She argued that this problem could be resolved by constructing a small shelter within the spacecraft in which the crew could temporarily stay. This is possible due to the fact that the Sun's radiation is not dangerous all the time; only when the Sun is dangerous do the astronauts on board need to seek shelter from its radiation.
All in all, the lecture resolves all the concerns raised in the passage. Having the supply shortage resolved via hydroponics, the crew's health problem resolved by regular exercise and supplement intake, and the Sun's radiation threat resolved with a small temporary shelter, space travel to Mars seems more than a mere dream.
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| 2018-09-29 | kenneth7883 | 83 | view |
| 2018-06-02 | Happy_me | 81 | view |
- Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.In the United States, medical information about patients traditionally has been recorded and stored on paper forms. Howe 85
- Toefl Integrated 3
- "True beauty is found not in the exceptional but in the commonplace."Write an essay in which you take a position on the statement above. In developing and supporting your essay, consider instances in which the statement does and does not hold true. 50
- Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage. 73
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Governments should spend more money in support of the arts than in support of athletics such as state-sponsored Olympic teams. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 73
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 85, Rule ID: ALL_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'all the'.
Suggestion: All the
...possibility of manned missions to Mars. All of the three concerns mentioned in the reading...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 131, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'crews'' or 'crew's'?
Suggestion: crews'; crew's
... shortage resolved via hydroponics, the crews health problem resolved by regular exer...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, first, if, so, still, therefore
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 9.0 5.04856512141 178% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 6.0 12.0772626932 50% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 14.0 22.412803532 62% => OK
Preposition: 48.0 30.3222958057 158% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1858.0 1373.03311258 135% => OK
No of words: 366.0 270.72406181 135% => OK
Chars per words: 5.07650273224 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.37391431897 4.04702891845 108% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.54339740806 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 186.0 145.348785872 128% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.508196721311 0.540411800872 94% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 563.4 419.366225166 134% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 19.0 13.0662251656 145% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 50.0637267021 49.2860985944 102% => OK
Chars per sentence: 97.7894736842 110.228320801 89% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.2631578947 21.698381199 89% => OK
Discourse Markers: 2.42105263158 7.06452816374 34% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 4.33554083885 208% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.113437728348 0.272083759551 42% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0396624869618 0.0996497079465 40% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0348701200808 0.0662205650399 53% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.077139650443 0.162205337803 48% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0628139165975 0.0443174109184 142% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.1 13.3589403974 91% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.18 12.2367328918 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.46 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 90.0 63.6247240618 141% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 83.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.