TPO-04 - Integrated Writing Task
Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading and the lecture are both about whether dinosaurs were endotherms, which is a term used for animals with constant body temperature. The author of the reading believes there are three three explanations that prove dinosaurs were endotherms. The lecturer challenges the statements made by the author. she is of the opinion that none of the explanatios are convincing.
First of all, the author suggests that in polar regions fossils of dinosaurs have been found. it is mentioned that only endothermic animals can live in such harsh climates. The argument is refuted by the lecturer. she says polar regions during the time of dinosaurs were much warmer enough to let dinosaurs lived there. Furthermore, she argues that it is possible that dinosaurs migrated or hibernated just like some modern reptiles during the winter months.
Secondly, the article posits that there is a relation of endotherms and legs of animals. The article notes legs of an endothermic animal are underneath it's body, and all modern endothermic animals have such leg positions. Thus, it proves dinosaurs were endothermic because they had same leg positions. The lecturer, however, casts doubt on this by asserting that this leg structure could also be for supporting a larger body weight. she elaborates on this by mentioning that dinosaurs were mostly massive. As a result, this explanation doesn't provide a proof.
Finally, it is stated in the reading that there is connection of a certain bone structure and endotherms. The author establishes that endothermic animals have some canals in their bones. Consequently, these canals support high bone growth, and fossils of dinosaurs show such canals, indicating they were endotherms. The lecturer, on the other hand, opposes that fossilized bones of dinosaurs have growth rings, and this indicates dinosaurs' growth rate. she puts forth the idea that as seen from the fossils dinosaurs were grew rapidly during hot periods while slowly in colder periods. these are characteristics of cold blooded animals.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 189, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: three
...uthor of the reading believes there are three three explanations that prove dinosaurs were ...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 252, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...s that prove dinosaurs were endotherms. The lecturer challenges the statements made...
^^^
Line 1, column 311, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: She
...nges the statements made by the author. she is of the opinion that none of the expl...
^^^
Line 3, column 95, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: It
...s fossils of dinosaurs have been found. it is mentioned that only endothermic anim...
^^
Line 3, column 215, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: She
...he argument is refuted by the lecturer. she says polar regions during the time of d...
^^^
Line 5, column 288, Rule ID: HAVE_PART_AGREEMENT[2]
Message: Possible agreement error -- use past participle here: 'legged'.
Suggestion: legged
... were endothermic because they had same leg positions. The lecturer, however, casts...
^^^
Line 5, column 434, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: She
...be for supporting a larger body weight. she elaborates on this by mentioning that d...
^^^
Line 5, column 537, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
... massive. As a result, this explanation doesnt provide a proof. Finally, it is state...
^^^^^^
Line 7, column 454, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: She
...d this indicates dinosaurs growth rate. she puts forth the idea that as seen from t...
^^^
Line 7, column 523, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'grown'.
Suggestion: grown
...as seen from the fossils dinosaurs were grew rapidly during hot periods while slowly...
^^^^
Line 7, column 587, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: These
...periods while slowly in colder periods. these are characteristics of cold blooded ani...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, consequently, finally, first, furthermore, however, second, secondly, so, thus, while, as a result, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 22.0 10.4613686534 210% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 33.0 22.412803532 147% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1718.0 1373.03311258 125% => OK
No of words: 324.0 270.72406181 120% => OK
Chars per words: 5.3024691358 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.24264068712 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.76360409986 2.5805825403 107% => OK
Unique words: 175.0 145.348785872 120% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.54012345679 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 533.7 419.366225166 127% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 11.0 3.25607064018 338% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 21.0 13.0662251656 161% => OK
Sentence length: 15.0 21.2450331126 71% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 31.9949684253 49.2860985944 65% => OK
Chars per sentence: 81.8095238095 110.228320801 74% => OK
Words per sentence: 15.4285714286 21.698381199 71% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.52380952381 7.06452816374 92% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 11.0 4.19205298013 262% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 11.0 4.27373068433 257% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.521525138757 0.272083759551 192% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.139207951178 0.0996497079465 140% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0905340471777 0.0662205650399 137% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.30553989167 0.162205337803 188% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0692225645533 0.0443174109184 156% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.2 13.3589403974 84% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 56.25 53.8541721854 104% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.16 12.2367328918 108% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.13 8.42419426049 97% => OK
difficult_words: 77.0 63.6247240618 121% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 5.5 10.7273730684 51% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.0 10.498013245 76% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 66.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 20.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.