A huge marine mammal known as Steller's sea cow once lived in the waters around Bering Island off the coast of Siberia. It was described in 1741 by Georg W. Steller, a naturalist who was among the first Europeans to see one. In 1768 the animal became extinct. The reasons for the extinction are not clear. Here are three theories about the main cause of the extinction.
First, the sea cows may have been overhunted by groups of native Siberian people. If this theory is correct, then the sea cow population would have originally been quite large, but hundreds of years off too much hunting by the native people diminished the number of sea cows. Sea cows were a good source of food in a harsh environment, so overhunting by native people could have been the main cause of extinction.
Second, the sea cow population may have become extinct because of ecosystems disturbances that caused a decline in their main source of food, kelp (a type of sea plant). Kelp populations respond negatively to a number of ecological changes. It is possible that ecological changes near Bering Island some time before 1768 caused a decrease of the kelp that the sea cows depend on.
Third, the main cause of extinction of the sea cows could have been European fur traders who came to the island after 1741. It is recorded that the fur traders caught the last sea cow in 1768. It thus seems reasonable to believe that hunting by European fur traders, who possessed weapons that allowed them to quickly kill a large number of the animals, was the main cause of the sea cow's extinction.
The reading and the lecturer are both about Steller's sea cow, which lived around Bering island and now extinct. The author of the reading believes there are three caused that led to the extinction of this animal. The lecturer challenges the statements made by the author. he is of the opinion that none of the explanations prove anything.
First of all, the author suggests that native Siberians hunted the sea cows untill they all perished. it is mentioned that the meat of the sea cows were vital in the cold climate. The argument is refuted by the lecturer. he says the sea cows were massive animals that were 9 meters tall and 10 tons. so one sea cow could feed native people for months. Furthermore, he argues that native Siberian population also was not large in number.
Secondly, the article posits that ecosystem change caused their extinction. The article notes the food source of the sea cows were kelp which is a type of sea plant, and this plant is vulnerable to ecosystem change. The lecturer, however, rebuts this by asserting that ecosystem in Bering island was not changed. he elaborates on this by mentioning that if the ecosystem indeed changed, other animals would have affected by that, such as whales who feed on kelp, but whale population have been stable since that time.
Finally, it is stated in the article that european fur traders were a main cause of their extinction. The article establishes that the fur traders acquired weapons that could kill large number of animals. The lecturer, on the other hand, opposes that the sea cows went extinct soon after Europeans arrived. he puts forth the idea that the population of the sea cows were already small in number even before the arrival of Europeans. so, this is unlikely that Europeans were the cause of it.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 214, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...t led to the extinction of this animal. The lecturer challenges the statements made...
^^^
Line 1, column 273, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
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Suggestion: He
...nges the statements made by the author. he is of the opinion that none of the expl...
^^
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Suggestion: It
... the sea cows untill they all perished. it is mentioned that the meat of the sea c...
^^
Line 3, column 222, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
...he argument is refuted by the lecturer. he says the sea cows were massive animals ...
^^
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Suggestion: So
...ls that were 9 meters tall and 10 tons. so one sea cow could feed native people fo...
^^
Line 3, column 416, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...that native Siberian population also was not large in number. Secondly, the ar...
^^
Line 3, column 422, Rule ID: ADJECTIVE_IN_ATTRIBUTE[1]
Message: A more concise phrase may lose no meaning and sound more powerful.
Suggestion: large
...ative Siberian population also was not large in number. Secondly, the article posits that e...
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Line 5, column 314, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
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Suggestion: He
...ystem in Bering island was not changed. he elaborates on this by mentioning that i...
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Line 7, column 9, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
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Suggestion:
...been stable since that time. Finally, it is stated in the article that europea...
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Line 7, column 309, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
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Suggestion: He
...t extinct soon after Europeans arrived. he puts forth the idea that the population...
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Line 7, column 381, Rule ID: ADJECTIVE_IN_ATTRIBUTE[1]
Message: A more concise phrase may lose no meaning and sound more powerful.
Suggestion: small
...population of the sea cows were already small in number even before the arrival of Europeans. s...
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Suggestion: So
...r even before the arrival of Europeans. so, this is unlikely that Europeans were t...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, furthermore, however, if, second, secondly, so, such as, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 19.0 10.4613686534 182% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 20.0 12.0772626932 166% => OK
Pronoun: 33.0 22.412803532 147% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1485.0 1373.03311258 108% => OK
No of words: 309.0 270.72406181 114% => OK
Chars per words: 4.80582524272 5.08290768461 95% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.1926597562 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.3863095453 2.5805825403 92% => OK
Unique words: 165.0 145.348785872 114% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.533980582524 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 463.5 419.366225166 111% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 8.0 3.25607064018 246% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 19.0 13.0662251656 145% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 36.1465928863 49.2860985944 73% => OK
Chars per sentence: 78.1578947368 110.228320801 71% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.2631578947 21.698381199 75% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.05263157895 7.06452816374 86% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 12.0 4.19205298013 286% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 10.0 4.27373068433 234% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.167073498713 0.272083759551 61% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.050528485743 0.0996497079465 51% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0529787583013 0.0662205650399 80% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0998808282501 0.162205337803 62% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0234026160269 0.0443174109184 53% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 9.4 13.3589403974 70% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 63.7 53.8541721854 118% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.4 11.0289183223 76% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.32 12.2367328918 84% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.85 8.42419426049 93% => OK
difficult_words: 67.0 63.6247240618 105% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.0 10.7273730684 56% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 66.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 20.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.