Carved stone balls are a curious type of artifact found at a number of locations in Scotland. They date from the late Neolithic period, around 4,000 years ago. They are round in shape; they were carved from several types of stone; most are about 70 mm in diameter; and many are ornamented to some degree. Archaeologists do not agree about their purpose and meaning, but there are several theories.
One theory is that the carved stone balls were weapons used in hunting or fighting. Some of the stone balls have been found with holes in them, and many have grooves on the surface. It is possible that a cord was strung through the holes or laid in the grooves around the ball. Holding the stone ball at the end of the cord would have allowed a person to swing it around or throw it.
A second theory is that the carved stone balls were used as part of a primitive system of weights and measures. The fact that they are so nearly uniform in size—at 70 mm in diameter—suggests that the balls were interchangeable and represented some standard unit of measure. They could have been used as standard weights to measure quantities of grain or other food, or anything that needed to be measured by weight on a balance or scale for the purpose of trade.
A third theory is that the carved stone balls served a social purpose as opposed to a practical or utilitarian one. This view is supported by the fact that many stone balls have elaborate designs. The elaborate carving suggests that the stones may have marked the important social status of their owners.
Recently, there has been a debate on the use of carved stone balls..More specifically, in regard to the passage, the writer puts forth three possible theories for its uses.In the listening, the lecturer is quick to point out that there are some serious flaws in the writers claim.In fact, he believes and addresses,in detail, the trouble with each point made in the reading text.
First and foremost, the author of the reading states that the carved stones are used as a weapon or hunting tools due to their shape. Some professionals,in the same field, however, stand in firm opposition to this claim.In the listening, for example, the speaker states that carved stone will always leave a mark if they were really for hunting because many would have cracked.Besides, since the surfaces are preserved,hence there is no damage.
One group of scholars, represented by the writer, thinks that the shape of the stone has shown to be a good tool for weight and measurement. Of course, though, not all experts in the field believe this is accurate.Again the speaker addresses this point by claiming that the masses and sizes vary.In addition, their densities are also different.Therefore they cannot be used as basic tools.
FInally, the author brings his argument to a close by stating that they also serve social purposes as opposed to a practical or utilitarian one.Not surprisingly, the professor takes issue with this by contending that some curves are complex while others appear to be simple.For instance, when people die they usually entomb them with their possession.Besides, no stones are found in the grave.Therefore there is no sign as a status.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 67, Rule ID: DOUBLE_PUNCTUATION
Message: Two consecutive dots
Suggestion: .
... debate on the use of carved stone balls..More specifically, in regard to the pass...
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Line 2, column 69, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: More
...ebate on the use of carved stone balls..More specifically, in regard to the passage,...
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Line 2, column 135, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...rd to the passage, the writer puts forth three possible theories for its uses.In ...
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Line 2, column 174, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: In
...h three possible theories for its uses.In the listening, the lecturer is quick to...
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Line 2, column 282, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: In
...some serious flaws in the writers claim.In fact, he believes and addresses,in deta...
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Line 2, column 316, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , in
...claim.In fact, he believes and addresses,in detail, the trouble with each point mad...
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Line 4, column 58, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...t, the author of the reading states that the carved stones are used as a weapon o...
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Line 4, column 154, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , in
...s due to their shape. Some professionals,in the same field, however, stand in firm ...
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Line 4, column 222, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: In
... stand in firm opposition to this claim.In the listening, for example, the speaker...
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Line 4, column 276, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ng, for example, the speaker states that carved stone will always leave a mark if...
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Line 4, column 380, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Besides
...hunting because many would have cracked.Besides, since the surfaces are preserved,hence...
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Line 4, column 421, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , hence
...esides, since the surfaces are preserved,hence there is no damage. One group of s...
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Line 7, column 215, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Again
...s in the field believe this is accurate.Again the speaker addresses this point by cla...
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Line 7, column 297, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: In
...claiming that the masses and sizes vary.In addition, their densities are also diff...
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Line 7, column 345, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Therefore
...ion, their densities are also different.Therefore they cannot be used as basic tools. ...
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Line 7, column 345, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...ion, their densities are also different.Therefore they cannot be used as basic tools. ...
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Line 7, column 377, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...fferent.Therefore they cannot be used as basic tools. FInally, the author brin...
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Line 9, column 31, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...tools. FInally, the author brings his argument to a close by stating that they...
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Line 9, column 146, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Not
...posed to a practical or utilitarian one.Not surprisingly, the professor takes issue...
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Line 9, column 276, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: For
...omplex while others appear to be simple.For instance, when people die they usually ...
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Line 9, column 353, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Besides
...ually entomb them with their possession.Besides, no stones are found in the grave.There...
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Line 9, column 395, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Therefore
...sides, no stones are found in the grave.Therefore there is no sign as a status.
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Line 9, column 395, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...sides, no stones are found in the grave.Therefore there is no sign as a status.
^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, besides, finally, first, hence, however, if, really, so, therefore, while, for example, for instance, in addition, in fact, of course, in regard to
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 8.0 12.0772626932 66% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1398.0 1373.03311258 102% => OK
No of words: 272.0 270.72406181 100% => OK
Chars per words: 5.13970588235 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.06108636974 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.03112458717 2.5805825403 117% => OK
Unique words: 164.0 145.348785872 113% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.602941176471 0.540411800872 112% => OK
syllable_count: 423.9 419.366225166 101% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 9.0 2.5761589404 349% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 6.0 13.0662251656 46% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 45.0 21.2450331126 212% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 112.594774894 49.2860985944 228% => The lengths of sentences changed so frequently.
Chars per sentence: 233.0 110.228320801 211% => Less chars_per_sentence wanted.
Words per sentence: 45.3333333333 21.698381199 209% => Less words per sentence wanted.
Discourse Markers: 25.5 7.06452816374 361% => Less transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 23.0 4.19205298013 549% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 1.0 4.33554083885 23% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.135858545262 0.272083759551 50% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0728114654 0.0996497079465 73% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0272838745803 0.0662205650399 41% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0835616235285 0.162205337803 52% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0343604962741 0.0443174109184 78% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 25.4 13.3589403974 190% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 25.8 53.8541721854 48% => Flesch_reading_ease is low.
smog_index: 11.2 5.55761589404 202% => Smog_index is high.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 20.8 11.0289183223 189% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.42 12.2367328918 110% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.82 8.42419426049 117% => OK
difficult_words: 68.0 63.6247240618 107% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 18.0 10.7273730684 168% => OK
gunning_fog: 20.0 10.498013245 191% => OK
text_standard: 21.0 11.2008830022 187% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.