Manned space flight is costly and dangerous. Moreover, the recent success of a series of unmanned space probes and satellites has demonstrated that a great deal of useful information can be gathered without the costs and risks associated with sending men and women into space. Therefore, we should invest our resources in unmanned space flight.
In the letter, the editor concludes that unmanned space flight is better option for investment. At first glace, the opinion sounds breakthrough; however, after analyzing the evidence given by the editor in the prompt, the alternative explanation to the same issue undermines the reliability of the conclusion.
Initial problem with the argument is that the information related to manned space flight is scant. The information on why manned space flight is costly and dangerous not given. It may be possible that the manned space fight was build by people who were not proficient enough causing it to be disastrous one. Moreover, it may be possible that those who went to space in a manned space flight price was inflated and no proper rules were made regarding the prices. Also, the evidence provided in the prompt does not clearly state about wealth of information brought by humans in the space flight. It may be possible that human are able to gather much more information than those unmanned space flight. Unless the editor provides information about the manned space flight clearly, the contention made by the author is based on incomplete evidence and is considered fallacious.
Another problem with the opinion by the editor of a national aeronautics magazine is incomplete evidence about unmanned space probes and satellites - number of unmanned space probes and satellites which are considered to make conclusion is not stated. It may be possible that the number of unmanned space probes the author has mentioned in the letter is few. Also, the information about the unmanned space brings plethora of information could be limited. If humans were sent in the space, it might be possible that humans could bring even more information related to space than unmanned space probes. These scenarios, if true, would certainly weaken author's conclusion.
Lastly, author chooses unmanned space probes and satellites over manned space flight based on few parameters. There might is other options such as human and machine combined space flight which could gather even more information. Rejecting Manned space flight just considering costly and dangerous factor does not sound valid one because the humans might bring even more information combined with secure artificial space probes. If any of the give situation is true then author's argument does not hold water.
To sum, author's argument does not provide enough evidences to valid the conclusion that unmanned space is better than manned space flight. To substantiate the conclusion author should provide information about manned space flight and unmanned space probes.
Comments
e-rater score report
Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 3.5 out of 6
Category: Satisfactory Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 7 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 2 2
No. of Sentences: 20 15
No. of Words: 417 350
No. of Characters: 2168 1500
No. of Different Words: 167 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.519 4.7
Average Word Length: 5.199 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.549 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 171 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 103 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 83 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 49 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 20.85 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 7.045 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.6 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.431 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.431 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.165 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 1 5
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 4, column 428, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “If” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...ed with secure artificial space probes. If any of the give situation is true then ...
^^
Line 5, column 88, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...h evidences to valid the conclusion that unmanned space is better than manned spa...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, however, if, lastly, may, moreover, regarding, so, then, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 26.0 19.6327345309 132% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 12.0 12.9520958084 93% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 11.1786427146 81% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 13.6137724551 88% => OK
Pronoun: 17.0 28.8173652695 59% => OK
Preposition: 45.0 55.5748502994 81% => OK
Nominalization: 22.0 16.3942115768 134% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2208.0 2260.96107784 98% => OK
No of words: 417.0 441.139720559 95% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.29496402878 5.12650576532 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.5189133491 4.56307096286 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.60522691 2.78398813304 94% => OK
Unique words: 174.0 204.123752495 85% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.41726618705 0.468620217663 89% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 697.5 705.55239521 99% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.59920159681 106% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 4.96107784431 121% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.76447105788 80% => OK
Subordination: 5.0 2.70958083832 185% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.67365269461 0% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 4.22255489022 118% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 20.0 19.7664670659 101% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 22.8473053892 88% => OK
Sentence length SD: 46.6759841889 57.8364921388 81% => OK
Chars per sentence: 110.4 119.503703932 92% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.85 23.324526521 89% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.85 5.70786347227 67% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 5.15768463074 97% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 5.25449101796 38% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 8.20758483034 85% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 8.0 6.88822355289 116% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.67664670659 107% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.361956291803 0.218282227539 166% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.153285378081 0.0743258471296 206% => Sentence topic similarity is high.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.085482613886 0.0701772020484 122% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.229140644345 0.128457276422 178% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.085575735033 0.0628817314937 136% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.9 14.3799401198 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 42.72 48.3550499002 88% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.1628742515 123% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.3 12.197005988 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.4 12.5979740519 106% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.51 8.32208582834 90% => OK
difficult_words: 76.0 98.500998004 77% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 11.5 12.3882235529 93% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 11.1389221557 90% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.9071856287 118% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 66.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 4.0 Out of 6
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.