In 1912 a bookseller named Wilfrid M. Voynich acquired a beautifully illustrated handwritten book (manuscript) written on vellum (vellum is a material that was used for writing before the introduction of paper). The “Voynich manuscript,” as it became known, resembles manuscripts written in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. However, it is written in a completely unknown script. To date, no one has been able to decode the script and understand the book’s content. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of the Voynich manuscript.
One theory is that the manuscript is a genuine work on some scientific or magical subject composed in a complex secret code. Anthony Ascham, a sixteenth-century physician and botanist, has been identified as a possible author, since many plant illustrations in the Voynich manuscript are quite similar to those in Ascham’s book on medicinal plants, A Little Herbal, published in 1550.
According to some other theories, the manuscript is really a fake and its text has no real meaning. For example, it has been proposed the manuscript was created by Edward Kelley, a sixteenth-century personality who extracted money from nobles across Europe by pretending to have magical powers. Kelley may have created the manuscript as a fake magical book to sell to a wealthy noble. He used a made-up alphabet in a completely random order. It looks like a book of magical secrets, but there is no meaningful underlying text.
Another theory is that the manuscript is actually a modern fake created by Wilfrid M. Voynich himself. As an antique book dealer, Voynich certainly had the knowledge of what old manuscripts should look like and could have created a fake one. Perhaps Voynich’s plan was to sell the fake as a mysterious old book if he received an attractive offer.
The reading passage and lecture have a conflicting opinions about the author of the Voynich manuscripts. The article strongly postulates that there are three possible theses talk about the creator of the Voynich manuscripts. On the other hand, the listening adamantly delinates that none of the three assumptions is convincing.
First and foremost, according to the author of the excerpt the Anthony Ascham is the writer of the Voynich manuscript owing to the fact that his medicinal books are similar to the Voynich manuscript. However, the manuscript is an original work rely on scientific or magical subject exhibited in an elaborated complex code. Nonetheless, the listening adamantly delinates that the writer of the manuscript though he was conveying important information, so he made it very complex to read. However, the manuscript doesn't fit wirth Ascham pattern. In other words, his books and knowledge was original idea as well as easy to read.
The professor in lecture furhter points out that Edward kelly wasn't good at deceiving people. Also, That manuscript needs a lot of effor and work and Kelly will not do this to sell to rich people. Furthermore, the people in the sixteenth-century were easy to fool. These claims refute the writer implication of How Kelley created a fake elaborated manuscript in order to sell to a wealthy noble.
The article lastly asserts that the Voynich manuscript is fake created by an anitque book dealer called Wilfrid. Also, Vyonich has enough knowledge and experience to create a manuscript similar to ancient manuscript. The speaker in lecture counters these points by insisting that Voynich manuscript was analysis show it was created before 400 century. Even if the Wilfrid got ink dated to that time, he can't get teh papers.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 52, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[2]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'opinion'?
Suggestion: opinion
... passage and lecture have a conflicting opinions about the author of the Voynich manuscr...
^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 99, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... the Anthony Ascham is the writer of the Voynich manuscript owing to the fact tha...
^^
Line 3, column 513, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
...omplex to read. However, the manuscript doesnt fit wirth Ascham pattern. In other word...
^^^^^^
Line 5, column 63, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: wasn't
...re furhter points out that Edward kelly wasnt good at deceiving people. Also, That ma...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 344, Rule ID: CD_NN[1]
Message: Possible agreement error. The noun 'century' seems to be countable, so consider using: 'centuries'.
Suggestion: centuries
...analysis show it was created before 400 century. Even if the Wilfrid got ink dated to t...
^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 404, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
... Wilfrid got ink dated to that time, he cant get teh papers.
^^^^
Line 7, column 404, Rule ID: HE_VERB_AGR[1]
Message: The pronoun 'he' must be used with a third-person verb: 'cants'.
Suggestion: cants
... Wilfrid got ink dated to that time, he cant get teh papers.
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, furthermore, however, if, lastly, nonetheless, so, well, as well as, in other words, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 36.0 30.3222958057 119% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1498.0 1373.03311258 109% => OK
No of words: 289.0 270.72406181 107% => OK
Chars per words: 5.18339100346 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.12310562562 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.80828198722 2.5805825403 109% => OK
Unique words: 157.0 145.348785872 108% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.543252595156 0.540411800872 101% => OK
syllable_count: 461.7 419.366225166 110% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 35.0767016693 49.2860985944 71% => OK
Chars per sentence: 93.625 110.228320801 85% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.0625 21.698381199 83% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.1875 7.06452816374 102% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 4.19205298013 167% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 4.33554083885 208% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.217520223131 0.272083759551 80% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0692648775998 0.0996497079465 70% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0591292683254 0.0662205650399 89% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.124606471009 0.162205337803 77% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0731468138177 0.0443174109184 165% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.0 13.3589403974 90% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 53.21 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.47 12.2367328918 102% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.52 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 73.0 63.6247240618 115% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.5 10.7273730684 107% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.