In 1995 a microscopic fungus called Phytophthora ramorum, or P. ramorum, was first detected in the forests of the western United States. P. ramorum infects trees and causes particularly serious damage in oak trees: in many infected oaks, leaves wither rapidly, large cracks appear in the bark, and the trees die. A spread of P. ramorum represents a serious threat to the forests in the western states. Several methods of protecting the forests have been proposed.
First, stopping P. ramorum spores from spreading would surely be an effective method. Spores are small particles through which all fungi, including P. ramorum, reproduce. Researchers have discovered that many P. ramorum spores can be found along hiking or biking trails, suggesting human-assisted spread by way of shoes and bicycle tires. A few measures to prevent such human-assisted spread—like encouraging hikers to wash their shoes and installing new bike scrubbers on bicycle trails—would be an effective and low-cost way to stop the spread of P. ramorum.
Second, there are a few fungicidal (fungus-fighting) chemicals that can be used to protect the oak trees. Some of these chemicals stimulate the oak trees’ natural defenses against the P. ramorum fungus and have been found in small-scale tryouts to significantly reduce the likelihood that the oaks will be infected.
A third way to fight P. ramorum is a practice called clear-cutting. This approach starts with cutting and burning the diseased oaks, but it also involves cutting and burning the seemingly healthy vegetation (bushes and other kinds of trees) surrounding the oaks. This is done because some of the surrounding plants and trees may be infected even though they do not show any symptoms of the disease. Clearing large areas of vegetation in places where diseased trees are found is often an efficient measure to stop the spread of infections.
The reading passage and lecture have conflicting opinions about whether or not the presented methods to protect the oak trees from P. ramorum are sufficient. The article strongly postulates that there are many approaches to cease the P. ramorum from spreading. On the other hand, the listening adamantly delinates that none of the methods are effective, meaning that the presented methods have a serious limitation.
First and foremost, according to the author of the excerpt, human assist in spreading the P. ramorum. which a lot of P. ramorum spores were found in hiking and biking places. However, telling the hikers to wash their shoes and change the bike scrubbers would obstruct the spreading of P. ramorum spores. Nonetheless, the lecture offsets these points by declaring that cleaning shoes have a little impact on stopping the spread. but, there is another factor that affects that increase the spreading of P. ramorum, which is rainfall. In other words, rain carries the spores to water streams, thereby spreading the P. ramorum more effectively.
The professor in lecture further points out that injecting oak trees with chemicals would last only for three months. then, the injection has to be repeated. Subsequently, this method is not practical to implement in forests owing to the fact that there are dozens of oak trees as well as it's too expensive. These claims refute the writer implication of how using fungus-fighting chemicals will protect the oak trees from being infected by fungus P. ramorum.
The article lastly asserts that cutting and burning infected oak trees and surrounding trees in order to stop the P. ramorum from spreading. The speaker in the lecture counters these points by insisting that the surrounding trees of oak are healthy. Also, this method would destroy a lot of rare trees and species, that is hard to grow again. In other words, this method will do greater ecological damage than P. ramorum spreading.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 65, Rule ID: WHETHER[7]
Message: Perhaps you can shorten this phrase to just 'whether'. It is correct though if you mean 'regardless of whether'.
Suggestion: whether
...lecture have conflicting opinions about whether or not the presented methods to protect the oa...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 103, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Which
...man assist in spreading the P. ramorum. which a lot of P. ramorum spores were found i...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 429, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: But
...a little impact on stopping the spread. but, there is another factor that affects t...
^^^
Line 5, column 119, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Then
...icals would last only for three months. then, the injection has to be repeated. Subs...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, lastly, nonetheless, so, then, well, as to, as well as, in other words, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 39.0 30.3222958057 129% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1643.0 1373.03311258 120% => OK
No of words: 319.0 270.72406181 118% => OK
Chars per words: 5.15047021944 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.22617688928 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.61558877225 2.5805825403 101% => OK
Unique words: 166.0 145.348785872 114% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.520376175549 0.540411800872 96% => OK
syllable_count: 477.0 419.366225166 114% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 23.0 13.0662251656 176% => OK
Sentence length: 13.0 21.2450331126 61% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 46.1068324655 49.2860985944 94% => OK
Chars per sentence: 71.4347826087 110.228320801 65% => OK
Words per sentence: 13.8695652174 21.698381199 64% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.04347826087 7.06452816374 71% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 13.0 4.27373068433 304% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.259941043737 0.272083759551 96% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.081692742673 0.0996497079465 82% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0769331107503 0.0662205650399 116% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.155795340123 0.162205337803 96% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0202576366726 0.0443174109184 46% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 9.8 13.3589403974 73% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 66.74 53.8541721854 124% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 7.2 11.0289183223 65% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.0 12.2367328918 98% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.34 8.42419426049 99% => OK
difficult_words: 82.0 63.6247240618 129% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 5.0 10.7273730684 47% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 7.2 10.498013245 69% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 71.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.