Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade Dinosauria that first appeared during the Triassic period approximately 231.4 million years ago. They were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for 135 million years. Many dinosaurs had crests and frills such as the marginocephalians, theropods, and lambeosaurines. The crests found on these different species were too fragile to be used as physical defense. Therefore, there must have been some other use for the crests. There have been three different hypotheses for the use of the crests.
One hypothesis is that the crest was used to enhance the dinosaur's sense of smell. The crest was believed to expand the surface area of smell sensory receptors. Providing more receptors meant that more smells could be picked up and identified.
Another hypothesis was that the crest was used to help cool the dinosaurs. The dinosaur's crest would increase the surface area of their skin surface. This would allow for the dinosaur to catch more of the breeze and utilize it to keep them cool during hot times of the year.
And the third hypothesis was that it was used to phonate. Dinosaurs would use their crests to amplify sounds to communicate with other members of their herd. This would allow the dinosaurs to communicate over greater distances.
The reading and lecture are both about the dinosaurs's crests. Whereas the reading put forwards three hypotheses to identify correct use of these crests, the lecture caste doubts on these hypotheses with three main points.
First, the reading states that the crests was used to enhance the capability of smell in order to expand the sensory receptor surface area. However the lecturer disputes this point. He states that brain of the dinosaurs were equipped enough to accommodate this feature, in order to increase the sense of smell.
Secondly, the reading claims that the crests helped dinosaurs to cool down. Nevertheless the lecturer refutes to this argument. He argues that in order to help the dinosaurs in cooling down efficiently, the crests should have been proportionate to size of dinosaurs, whereas the crests in actual are very small in size.
Finally, according to the reading the crests where used to phonate, in order to communicate with other members. On the other hand lecturer states that, with recent studies and comparison with current world's reptiles and birds, it has been proved that only one kind of dinosaurs were able to make vocal sound and most of the dinosaurs were not capable to making vocal sounds.
In conclusion, Although the reading and lecturer are about the crests found on dinosaurs. The hypotheses to shared by the reading where effectively challenged by the lecturer.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 141, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: However,
...pand the sensory receptor surface area. However the lecturer disputes this point. He st...
^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 77, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Nevertheless,
...e crests helped dinosaurs to cool down. Nevertheless the lecturer refutes to this argument. ...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 306, Rule ID: ADJECTIVE_IN_ATTRIBUTE[1]
Message: A more concise phrase may lose no meaning and sound more powerful.
Suggestion: small
..., whereas the crests in actual are very small in size. Finally, according to the reading...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
finally, first, however, if, nevertheless, second, secondly, so, whereas, in conclusion, kind of, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 8.0 12.0772626932 66% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 14.0 22.412803532 62% => OK
Preposition: 43.0 30.3222958057 142% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1198.0 1373.03311258 87% => OK
No of words: 230.0 270.72406181 85% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.20869565217 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.89432290496 4.04702891845 96% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.53454022258 2.5805825403 98% => OK
Unique words: 122.0 145.348785872 84% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.530434782609 0.540411800872 98% => OK
syllable_count: 360.9 419.366225166 86% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 61.7346472142 49.2860985944 125% => OK
Chars per sentence: 99.8333333333 110.228320801 91% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.1666666667 21.698381199 88% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.58333333333 7.06452816374 136% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.10085775794 0.272083759551 37% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0371297999919 0.0996497079465 37% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0374959997905 0.0662205650399 57% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0549710897631 0.162205337803 34% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0374606502907 0.0443174109184 85% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.7 13.3589403974 95% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 52.19 53.8541721854 97% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.94 12.2367328918 106% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.22 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 53.0 63.6247240618 83% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 8.5 10.7273730684 79% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.