Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face. One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible. A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems. Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth’s magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship.
The reading passage explores the issue of the impossibility of human traveling to Mars, and several reasons are offered in support of this argument. Although the statement in the article seems plausible in the beginning, the lecturer casts doubts on it for several reasons.
First of all, even though the reading passage suggests that the cargo capacity of space vehicles is insufficient for a two-year trip, the lecturer argues that astronauts can actually cultivate plants that grow in water. The invention of hydroponic can help recycle wastewater and also release oxygen. And most importantly, provide enough food.
Secondly, the statement held by the writer claims that spending such a long time in the zero-gravity environment can be harmful to astronauts. Because their muscles might shrink and the density of their bones will decrease. Conversely, the lecturer rejects the idea by bringing up a logical solution that this problem can be dealt with regular exercise and nutrient supplements such as calcium.
Last but not least, the lecturer acutely identifies the weakness in the reading passage that solar radiation can cause harm to humans since there is no protection provided by the earth's magnetic field. The lecturer convincingly points out that space radiation can only be destructive spontaneously. When it is too strong detected by some instruments, then the astronauts can hide in the shield area to avoid being affected.
In conclusion, based on the evidence presented above, it can be clearly seen that the stances on both sides are paradoxical. Though the contents in the reading passage seem reasonable, the lecturer disproves them by solid evidence.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, but, conversely, first, if, second, secondly, so, then, in conclusion, such as, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 10.0 5.04856512141 198% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 16.0 22.412803532 71% => OK
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 11.0 5.01324503311 219% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1420.0 1373.03311258 103% => OK
No of words: 265.0 270.72406181 98% => OK
Chars per words: 5.35849056604 5.08290768461 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.03470204552 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.81736465688 2.5805825403 109% => OK
Unique words: 165.0 145.348785872 114% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.622641509434 0.540411800872 115% => OK
syllable_count: 432.0 419.366225166 103% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 5.0 1.25165562914 399% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 47.6566864492 49.2860985944 97% => OK
Chars per sentence: 109.230769231 110.228320801 99% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.3846153846 21.698381199 94% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.30769230769 7.06452816374 118% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0251806998585 0.272083759551 9% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0088211635607 0.0996497079465 9% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0137951400054 0.0662205650399 21% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0142363843022 0.162205337803 9% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0136540252883 0.0443174109184 31% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.0 13.3589403974 105% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 51.18 53.8541721854 95% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.81 12.2367328918 113% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.81 8.42419426049 116% => OK
difficult_words: 87.0 63.6247240618 137% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.5 10.7273730684 79% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, but, conversely, first, if, second, secondly, so, then, in conclusion, such as, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 10.0 5.04856512141 198% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 16.0 22.412803532 71% => OK
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 11.0 5.01324503311 219% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1420.0 1373.03311258 103% => OK
No of words: 265.0 270.72406181 98% => OK
Chars per words: 5.35849056604 5.08290768461 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.03470204552 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.81736465688 2.5805825403 109% => OK
Unique words: 165.0 145.348785872 114% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.622641509434 0.540411800872 115% => OK
syllable_count: 432.0 419.366225166 103% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 5.0 1.25165562914 399% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 47.6566864492 49.2860985944 97% => OK
Chars per sentence: 109.230769231 110.228320801 99% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.3846153846 21.698381199 94% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.30769230769 7.06452816374 118% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0251806998585 0.272083759551 9% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0088211635607 0.0996497079465 9% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0137951400054 0.0662205650399 21% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0142363843022 0.162205337803 9% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0136540252883 0.0443174109184 31% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.0 13.3589403974 105% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 51.18 53.8541721854 95% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.81 12.2367328918 113% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.81 8.42419426049 116% => OK
difficult_words: 87.0 63.6247240618 137% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.5 10.7273730684 79% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.