The passage and the lecture debate on whether pterosaus were capable of powered flight. The passage points out that pterosaurs were cold-blooded and thus unable to produce enough energy for flight, too heavy to flight and could not take off from the ground. Finding these claims arguable, the lecture casts doubt on these and count them weak.
To begin with, according to the passage, it is said that large pterosaus were cold-blooded animals so that they were not able to provide enough energy for flight. The lecture, though, dismisses it by saying that the fossils of the pterosaurs show that they were coverd with fur. In this case, they were like warm-blooded animals that could generate enough energy to maintain metobolism when temperature was low. As a consequence, they could produce energy for flight.
What is more, the passage contends that pterosaurs were so large that they could not flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft. By constrast, the lecture disputes that because they actually were light. Although they were large, their bones were hollow rather than solid, contributing to the low weight. Under this curcumstance, the pterosaurs could fly.
Finally, the passage is favor of the idea that the back legs of pterosaurs were too small and weak to allow them run fast enough or jump high enough to launch into the air, which is contradicted by the lecture. The lecture holds the opinion that the birds is not a good example to illustrate. Birds had two legs on the ground, nevertheless, pterosaurs had four legs on the ground, just like those of bats. Bats could push themselves off and launch themselves into the air using four legs. Assembly, pterosaurs could also do that. By and large, large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight.
- TPO-48 - Integrated Writing Task In recent years, many frog species around the world have declined in numbers or even gone extinct due to changes in their environment. These population declines and extinctions have serious consequences for the ecosystems 81
- TPO-46 - Integrated Writing Task In the United States, medical information about patients traditionally has been recorded and stored on paper forms. However, there are efforts to persuade doctors to adopt electronic medical record systems in which informa 75
- TPO-47 - Integrated Writing Task Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered 73
- TPO-48 - Independent Writing Task Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Because modern life is very complex, it is essential for young people to have the ability to plan and organize. 73
- TPO-49 - Integrated Writing Task Like many creatures, humpback whales migrate long distances for feeding and mating purposes. How animals manage to migrate long distances is often puzzling. In the case of humpback whales, we may have found the answer: the 73
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, but, finally, nevertheless, so, thus, by and large, to begin with, what is more
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 18.0 10.4613686534 172% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 32.0 22.412803532 143% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1475.0 1373.03311258 107% => OK
No of words: 296.0 270.72406181 109% => OK
Chars per words: 4.98310810811 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.14784890444 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.45364018641 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 151.0 145.348785872 104% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.510135135135 0.540411800872 94% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 432.9 419.366225166 103% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 44.8436731022 49.2860985944 91% => OK
Chars per sentence: 86.7647058824 110.228320801 79% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.4117647059 21.698381199 80% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.58823529412 7.06452816374 79% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.474773120542 0.272083759551 174% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.161229295821 0.0996497079465 162% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.111518697953 0.0662205650399 168% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.300257469028 0.162205337803 185% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0108248043328 0.0443174109184 24% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.7 13.3589403974 80% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 62.68 53.8541721854 116% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.7 11.0289183223 79% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.31 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.09 8.42419426049 84% => OK
difficult_words: 49.0 63.6247240618 77% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.