The reading and the lecture are both about pterosaurs. The author feels that they were not capable of powered flight. The lecturer challenges the claims made by the author. She is of the opinion that some evidences, however, suggest that they were able to make powered flight.
To begin with, the author argues that like modern reptiles, pterosaurs were cold-blooded. The article mentions that, however, powered flight requires a lot of energy, typical for warm-blooded animals. This specific argument is challenged by the lecturer. She claims that recent researches find that pterosaurs had dense, hair-like covering similar to fur, suggesting that they had metabolism, typical for warm-blooded animals to generate a lot of energy. Additionally, she says that they supplied enough energy to make high temperature for external conditions, a mark of metabolism.
Secondly, the writer suggests that there is a boundary for weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. In the article, it is said that pterosaurs were so heavy to flap wings fast to stay aloft. The lecturer, however, rebuts this by mentioning that their bones were hallow instead of solid, making their weight low enough to stay aloft. She elaborates on this by bringing up the point that despite the large frame sizes, they were, probably, capable of powered flight because of low weight.
Finally, the author posits that because animals capable of powered flight were able to take off from the ground, they needed to gain speed and jump to air. Moreover, it is stated in the article that pterosaurs were not able to do so, thus they needed powerful muscles, but they had too small legs for doing so. In contrast, the lecturer’s position is that birds capable of powered flight used only their two limbs: their legs. She notes that pterosaurs, however, used their all limbs to push off the ground, suggesting that they provided all energy enough to launch themselves into the air.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 120, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...hey were not capable of powered flight. The lecturer challenges the claims made by ...
^^^
Line 3, column 285, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'hallowed'.
Suggestion: hallowed
...his by mentioning that their bones were hallow instead of solid, making their weight l...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, however, if, moreover, second, secondly, so, thus, in contrast, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 16.0 10.4613686534 153% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 19.0 12.0772626932 157% => OK
Pronoun: 44.0 22.412803532 196% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 44.0 30.3222958057 145% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1649.0 1373.03311258 120% => OK
No of words: 324.0 270.72406181 120% => OK
Chars per words: 5.08950617284 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.24264068712 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.57459027598 2.5805825403 100% => OK
Unique words: 170.0 145.348785872 117% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.524691358025 0.540411800872 97% => OK
syllable_count: 498.6 419.366225166 119% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 10.0 3.25607064018 307% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 42.265350603 49.2860985944 86% => OK
Chars per sentence: 97.0 110.228320801 88% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.0588235294 21.698381199 88% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.35294117647 7.06452816374 76% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 4.33554083885 208% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.454388941637 0.272083759551 167% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.146411576363 0.0996497079465 147% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0810243172456 0.0662205650399 122% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.280762383577 0.162205337803 173% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0670192877621 0.0443174109184 151% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.1 13.3589403974 91% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.24 12.2367328918 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.23 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 75.0 63.6247240618 118% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 5.5 10.7273730684 51% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.