A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing several reasons.
First, the critics point out that the fine lines may not even represent functional structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were formed after the animal’s death. After the animal died and was buried in volcanic ash, its skin may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as evidence of feathers.
Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a Sinosauropteryx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur’s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures growing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the critics argue that the lines surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of frills than remains of feathers.
A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers are to help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the structures represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly located along the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structures quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This suggests that the lines do not represent feathers.
The reading speaks about the beliefs that humans have about the surprising elephant behaviors and illustrates them in three categories. While the professor in the lecture thinks that these beliefs are based on the misunderstanding and are not reasonable.
Firstly, the author claims that the old elephants know the time of their death and as a result when they are nearing the end of their life, they break away from herds and go off alone near bodies of water to die lonely. The professor believes in opposition. She states that the old elephants break away from their herds and go near the bodies of water because of this fact that the older ones are not able to chew very well. So, they look for softer vegetation which is found near water. Finally, they will die there.
Additionally, the reading explains that elephants are able to repreesnt their sarrounding environment through art and by painting them. On the other hand, the lecturer claims that people train the elephants to paint by stroking their ears. Since the elephants' ears are sensitive, they trick them. The elephants remember draw patterns like what the trainer do. They paint lines just because they train to paint. Their paintings do not show that they are aware of the world around them.
Finally, the passage states that elephants fear from Mice because the herd of elephants left the area when they confronted with several mice. Conversely, the professor provide an evidance to refute this beliefe. she says that the elephants' behavior against mice is misinterpretend She says that elephants in the zoos are familiar with mice do not show such behavior. The elephants in nature behave in this way as they are not confronted with mice before. Their behaviour does not indicate that they consider mice as threat.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 9, column 402, Rule ID: ALLOW_TO[1]
Message: Did you mean 'painting'? Or maybe you should add a pronoun? In active voice, 'train' + 'to' takes an object, usually a pronoun.
Suggestion: painting
...hey paint lines just because they train to paint. Their paintings do not show that they ...
^^^^^^^^
Line 13, column 213, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: She
...ide an evidance to refute this beliefe. she says that the elephants behavior agains...
^^^
Line 13, column 231, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'elephants'' or 'elephant's'?
Suggestion: elephants'; elephant's
... refute this beliefe. she says that the elephants behavior against mice is misinterpreten...
^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
conversely, finally, first, firstly, if, look, so, well, while, as a result, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 41.0 22.412803532 183% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 41.0 30.3222958057 135% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1502.0 1373.03311258 109% => OK
No of words: 301.0 270.72406181 111% => OK
Chars per words: 4.99003322259 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.16525528304 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.4792068035 2.5805825403 96% => OK
Unique words: 155.0 145.348785872 107% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.514950166113 0.540411800872 95% => OK
syllable_count: 446.4 419.366225166 106% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 9.0 3.25607064018 276% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 50.0233278914 49.2860985944 101% => OK
Chars per sentence: 83.4444444444 110.228320801 76% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.7222222222 21.698381199 77% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.22222222222 7.06452816374 74% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.00755427282735 0.272083759551 3% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.00353821533366 0.0996497079465 4% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0100710929222 0.0662205650399 15% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.00454124649391 0.162205337803 3% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.00786566965715 0.0443174109184 18% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.4 13.3589403974 78% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 63.7 53.8541721854 118% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.4 11.0289183223 76% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.37 12.2367328918 93% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.37 8.42419426049 87% => OK
difficult_words: 56.0 63.6247240618 88% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.