Like many creatures, humpback whales migrate long distances for feeding and mating purposes. How animals manage to migrate long distances is often puzzling. In the case of humpback whales, we may have found the answer: they may be navigating by the stars, much as early human sailors did. What we know about humpback whales makes this a distinct possibility.
First, humpback whales seem to be intelligent enough to use stars to navigate by. Whales' brains have a high degree of complexity—a common determiner of intelligence. This suggests that the whales' brain power far exceeds that of most other animals. The whales' well-developed cognitive ability seems to provide a sound basis for the ability to use a complex, abstract system of sensory stimuli such as the night sky for orientation.
Second, humpback whales migrate in straight lines. Animals can maintain movement in a straight direction for long distances only if they orient themselves by some external objects or forces. Many birds and other terrestrial creatures, for example, use physical landmarks to help them stay on track as they migrate. Whales, which swim in the open ocean, cannot rely on land features; they could, however, rely on stars at night to provide them with external signs by which to maintain direction over long distances.
Third, humpback whales exhibit an unusual behavior: they are sometimes observed floating straight up for minutes at a time, their heads above the water as though they were looking upward. The behavior is known as spy-hopping, and it is very rare among marine animals. One explanation for the function of spy-hopping is that the whales are looking at the stars, which are providing them with information to navigate by.
The reading and the listening are both about an ability of humpback whales which they can navigate their trait. The auther of the reading feels that humpback whales can navigate by looking at stars and it is clearly understanding because of their special features. The lecturer, challenges the claims made by the author that even humpback whales have facinating characteristics, the arguments provided by the author are not convincing.
To begin with, the author argues that humpback whales are very intelligent therefore they are capable of navigating their way by stars. The lecturer says that there is no connection between animal's intelligent and their navigation ability. She provides an example of a duck speicy that has an average intelligence level but has a high navigation sense. As a result, she mentions that their navigation ability is not related to their cleverness, however it is just the instinct of that animal.
Another suggested reason by the writer is that humpback wjales migrate in straight lines. The lecturer, on the other hand, rebuts this by saying that there are different diffinition for straight line migration. She says that humpback whales use earth magnetic feild for their migration. They have a brain structur called Bio Magnetide which let them to find their way. So the navigating by earth magnetic feild rather than star navigation.
Yet, another explanation is that humpback whales can navigate stars by spy-hopping. In contrast, the lecturer's position is that spy-hooping has nothing to do with looking up at stars. She elaborates on this by arguing that humpback whales do this mostly during the day which there are no stars in the sky. So, it is imposible to relate this function to navigating by stars.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 206, Rule ID: PROGRESSIVE_VERBS[1]
Message: This verb is normally not used in the progressive form. Try a simple form instead.
...can navigate by looking at stars and it is clearly understanding because of their special features. The ...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 266, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...ding because of their special features. The lecturer, challenges the claims made by...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, however, if, look, so, therefore, in contrast, as a result, to begin with, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 36.0 22.412803532 161% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 35.0 30.3222958057 115% => OK
Nominalization: 12.0 5.01324503311 239% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1476.0 1373.03311258 107% => OK
No of words: 285.0 270.72406181 105% => OK
Chars per words: 5.17894736842 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.10876417139 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.7448062261 2.5805825403 106% => OK
Unique words: 146.0 145.348785872 100% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.512280701754 0.540411800872 95% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 448.2 419.366225166 107% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 29.4140033615 49.2860985944 60% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 92.25 110.228320801 84% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.8125 21.698381199 82% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.0625 7.06452816374 86% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.181957191281 0.272083759551 67% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0675045489799 0.0996497079465 68% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0386481248693 0.0662205650399 58% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.116925142419 0.162205337803 72% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0178020182309 0.0443174109184 40% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.9 13.3589403974 89% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 54.22 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.47 12.2367328918 102% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.03 8.42419426049 95% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.5 10.7273730684 107% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.