Many scientists believe it would be possible to maintain a permanent human presence on Mars or the Moon. On the other hand, conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a human presence there would be impossible. First, atmospheric pressure at Venus' surface is at least 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth’s surface. This means that a force of 100 kilograms is pressing down on every square centimeter of surface. All spacecraft that have landed on Venus have been crushed by this extreme pressure within an hour of landing. Almost anything humans might land on Venus would be crushed as well. Second, as far as we know, there are no reservoirs of water on Venus’ surface, and the planet’s atmosphere, made up mostly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfuric acid, contains hardly any oxygen or water vapor. Water and oxygen would therefore probably have to be supplied to Venus from Earth. The idea of ensuring a regular supply of water and oxygen from Earth is impractical in the extreme and would probably defeat the purpose of establishing a permanent station on Venus. Third, very little sunlight reaches the planet’s surface. About 60 percent of the sunlight that hits Venus is reflected back into space by the thick clouds that fill the atmosphere, which means that only 40 percent of the sunlight can get through the clouds. Below these clouds is a dense layer of carbon dioxide, which blocks even more light, so very little light reaches the surface. The lack of light would prevent the use of solar power cells, so humans could not get electricity to power their machines and equipment.
The passage indicates that it is impossible to maintain permanent human presence on Venus, and provides three reason to support this claim, but the professor opposes this idea. He elaborates that although providing living conditions for humans in Venus is a challenge, but anyway it is possible. Later on he provides details about a theory of providing the living conditions of humans 50 KM high up the Venus atmosphere. He believes that it is quite possible to maintain human living conditions in Venus and opposes each and every reason provided in the passage.
First, about the issue of atmospheric pressure at Venus' surface, the lecturer reasons that the pressure decreases high-up the surface of Venus. scientists think that pressure 50 KM up Venus's surface is approximately equal to earth.
Second, the passage indicates no water exists in Venus, but the lecturer claims that it is possible to maintain water by chemical processes on the elements which exist in Venus. He explains that by involving carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid in some chemical processes it is possible to make water, and this will make Venus needless from importing earth's water.
Third, although as the passage indicates very little light reaches Venus's surface, but the amount of light in 50 KM up the surface is much more. The professor explains that there is two sources of light up the surface, first, there is less cloud 50 KM up the surface and so the amount of light there is more, second, there is the light which is reflected from the clouds. Both of these sources of light could be used to power-up the electronic stations.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-09-27 | S_Daftari | 73 | view |
| 2020-07-22 | joyce05 | 84 | view |
| 2019-05-29 | toefl 2019 | 3 | view |
| 2019-05-30 | toefl 2019 | 68 | view |
| 2019-01-11 | Ilgar | 90 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 146, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Scientists
...decreases high-up the surface of Venus. scientists think that pressure 50 KM up Venuss sur...
^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
anyway, but, first, second, so, third
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 21.0 22.412803532 94% => OK
Preposition: 40.0 30.3222958057 132% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1350.0 1373.03311258 98% => OK
No of words: 272.0 270.72406181 100% => OK
Chars per words: 4.96323529412 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.06108636974 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.55399095724 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 126.0 145.348785872 87% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.463235294118 0.540411800872 86% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 417.6 419.366225166 100% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 4.0 8.23620309051 49% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 6.0 1.51434878587 396% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 24.0 21.2450331126 113% => OK
Sentence length SD: 41.0814550669 49.2860985944 83% => OK
Chars per sentence: 122.727272727 110.228320801 111% => OK
Words per sentence: 24.7272727273 21.698381199 114% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.36363636364 7.06452816374 48% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.191744874439 0.272083759551 70% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0816117762759 0.0996497079465 82% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0615398913487 0.0662205650399 93% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.100683974338 0.162205337803 62% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0708399262849 0.0443174109184 160% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.3 13.3589403974 107% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 55.58 53.8541721854 103% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.78 12.2367328918 96% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.37 8.42419426049 99% => OK
difficult_words: 61.0 63.6247240618 96% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.6 10.498013245 110% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.