powered flight by ptesaurs
The passage presents some counterarguments to the hypothesis that pterosaurs-an ancient reptile with wings existing at the time of dinasours-was able to fly. The lecturer contradicts the points that are made in the passage, and she claims that the idea of powered flight by pterosaurs is actually plausible. Her further demonstrations are as follows.
First, there is evidence that there were hair-like appendages on the body of pterosaurs similar to fur. Fur is functioning as the means to preserve body heat in warm-blooded animals because they have to maintain a high body temprature at all times. Hence, the metabolism of a pterosaus was possibly more similar to a warm-blooded animal and perfectly capable of providing the required energy to fly.
Second, although it is true that pterosaurs were large-statured animals, they had special characteristics that might have enabled them to fly regardless of their size. There is evidence that their bones were hollow instead of solid, and therefore, it is speculated that these hollow light bones would have been suitable to keep the animal airborne by powered flight.
Third, whereas it is logical that taking off similar to birds would have been a problem for pterosaurs, this method of taking off is not believed to be employed by these animals. Some animals, like bats, are on four limbs instead of two before taking off. Thus, using all four limbs to assist with taking off would make ptesaurs able to launch themselves into the air as the in intiation of their powered flight.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 395, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...able of providing the required energy to fly. Second, although it is true that...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, first, hence, second, so, therefore, third, thus, whereas, it is true
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 19.0 10.4613686534 182% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 43.0 30.3222958057 142% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1291.0 1373.03311258 94% => OK
No of words: 252.0 270.72406181 93% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.12301587302 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.98428260373 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.87405433745 2.5805825403 111% => OK
Unique words: 144.0 145.348785872 99% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.571428571429 0.540411800872 106% => OK
syllable_count: 402.3 419.366225166 96% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 3.0 8.23620309051 36% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 44.0414905806 49.2860985944 89% => OK
Chars per sentence: 117.363636364 110.228320801 106% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.9090909091 21.698381199 106% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.18181818182 7.06452816374 102% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.163684015633 0.272083759551 60% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0570521153309 0.0996497079465 57% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0975958502388 0.0662205650399 147% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0882270180642 0.162205337803 54% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0523529769948 0.0443174109184 118% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.1 13.3589403974 106% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 49.15 53.8541721854 91% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 11.0289183223 108% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.71 12.2367328918 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.74 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.5 10.7273730684 79% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.