TPO47: Pterosaurs had an ability to fly or not?
The article asserts that pterosaurs were not able to fly and provides three reasons of support. However, the professor claims that the evidence reveals that they were capable of having flight power, and refutes each of the author's reasons.
First, the reading states that pterosaurs were cold-blood, so they did not have the ability to save their energy for flight. The professor opposes this point by explaining that pterosaurs had dense covering around their body which protects their bodies from losing heat in the external cold weather, so it could supply the required energy for them.
Second, even though the author claims that pterosaurs were too heavy, so they did not have a power of flight, the lecturer believes that pterosaurs had the specific anatomies which cause their weight to become light for their size. Actually, their bones were hollow instead of weighted body form. Therefore, they had the ability to bear their weight for flight.
Third, the article states that pterosaurs did not have the strong muscle back legs, so they could not take off from the ground to fly. The professor casts doubt by saying that the muscles of birds are different with pterosaurs in several characteristics. Birds have two legs which cause them to walk, and have two limbs for launching, yet pterosaurs had four limbs that helped them to push off the ground. Moreover, by these limbs, they had an ability to run fast enough and jump enough to launch themselves into the air.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, first, however, if, moreover, second, so, therefore, third
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 6.0 10.4613686534 57% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 30.0 22.412803532 134% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 27.0 30.3222958057 89% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1239.0 1373.03311258 90% => OK
No of words: 248.0 270.72406181 92% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.99596774194 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.96837696647 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.30190378952 2.5805825403 89% => OK
Unique words: 136.0 145.348785872 94% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.548387096774 0.540411800872 101% => OK
syllable_count: 351.9 419.366225166 84% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 51.9273172905 49.2860985944 105% => OK
Chars per sentence: 112.636363636 110.228320801 102% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.5454545455 21.698381199 104% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.18181818182 7.06452816374 88% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.453891892588 0.272083759551 167% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.178869067271 0.0996497079465 179% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0654678171255 0.0662205650399 99% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.280343947171 0.162205337803 173% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0157702405626 0.0443174109184 36% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.4 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 66.07 53.8541721854 123% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.02 12.2367328918 98% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.59 8.42419426049 90% => OK
difficult_words: 45.0 63.6247240618 71% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.