The following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group of hospitals. (62, 122, 124,
"In a controlled laboratory study of liquid hand soaps, a concentrated solution of extra strength UltraClean hand soap produced a 40 percent greater reduction in harmful bacteria than did the liquid hand soaps currently used in our hospitals. During our recent test of regular-strength UltraClean with doctors, nurses, and visitors at our hospital in Worktown, the hospital reported significantly fewer cases of patient infection (a 20 percent reduction) than did any of the other hospitals in our group. Therefore, to prevent serious patient infections, we should supply UltraClean at all hand-washing stations, including those used by visitors, throughout our hospital system."
In this memo, the director of a large group of hospitals claims that the Ultra Clean liquid soap is best choice for preventing patient infections and the hospital have to replace the kind of previously used liquid soap with the Ultra Clean. To support her argument, she cites a experience which indicates that the Ultra Clean is more efficient for eliminating the harmful bacteria than previously used hand soap in controlled laboratory environment. And she cites a report which is conducted in the hospital group and say that the Ultra Clean can reduce patient infection by 20%. This argument seems plausible first, however, careful scrutiny reveals that this argument has several logical flaws.
To begin with, based on the fact that the Ultra Clean hand soap can reduce more bacteria than other kind of hand soap in the laboratory condition, the author hastily assumes that the item would also works against bacteria at similar degree of eliminating them in hospital condition. However, their effect will not be same. Common sense tells us that experiments in laboratory are conducted in rigidly controlled condition to know the hand soap' effect by minimizing affection of other factors except of soap . But, in hospital, there are many things that can affect the power of the soap. If she cannot rule out this problem, we cannot be convinced by this argument.
Secondly, based on the fact that occurrence of patient in the hospital is 20 % fewer than other groups, the author wrongly assumes that reduction of patient infection is actually meaningful. However, the number, 20%, could not actually show whether reduction is not meaningful. For example, even if the rate of patient infection decreases in the hospital, the number of patient who are infected per specific unit of people could be larger than other hospitals. If this is true, this argument is not cogent.
Finally, even if we admit that other problems are true, there is another critical problem. based on the fact the researcher uses the concentrated solution of the kind of hand soap, the author presumes that the low concentration of the soap has similar effect with concentrated solution of the soap. However, if the concentration differs, the effect can differ. These
non-same experimental condition has no ground.
To summarize, this argument is still dubious as it stands. To make this argument more persuasive, the author have to do experiment again in the same condition expect difference between control group and experimental group and have to explain why she thinks the soap would have same ability to killing infectious agents in laboratory condition with in hospital condition. To evaluate better, we have be given additional data about decreased number of patient infection per a specific number of unit of people.
Comments
Essay evaluation report
Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 3.5 out of 6
Category: Satisfactory Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 0 2
No. of Sentences: 19 15
No. of Words: 457 350
No. of Characters: 2285 1500
No. of Different Words: 198 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.624 4.7
Average Word Length: 5 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.579 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 166 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 128 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 88 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 56 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 24.053 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 14.42 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.684 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.321 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.534 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.149 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 5 5
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 98, Rule ID: THE_SUPERLATIVE[4]
Message: A determiner is probably missing here: 'is the best'.
Suggestion: is the best
...claims that the Ultra Clean liquid soap is best choice for preventing patient infection...
^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 277, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...ean. To support her argument, she cites a experience which indicates that the Ult...
^
Line 3, column 200, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'would' requires the base form of the verb: 'work'
Suggestion: work
...astily assumes that the item would also works against bacteria at similar degree of e...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 507, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Don't put a space before the full stop
Suggestion: .
...ffection of other factors except of soap . But, in hospital, there are many things...
^^
Line 5, column 360, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...infection decreases in the hospital, the number of patient who are infected per s...
^^
Line 7, column 92, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Based
...rue, there is another critical problem. based on the fact the researcher uses the con...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 367, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...on differs, the effect can differ. These non-same experimental condition has no g...
^^^
Line 10, column 322, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... ability to killing infectious agents in laboratory condition with in hospital co...
^^
Line 10, column 373, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...y condition with in hospital condition. To evaluate better, we have be given addit...
^^
Line 10, column 401, Rule ID: HAVE_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Use past participle here: 'been'.
Suggestion: been
... condition. To evaluate better, we have be given additional data about decreased n...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, but, finally, first, however, if, second, secondly, so, still, for example, kind of, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 18.0 19.6327345309 92% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 11.0 12.9520958084 85% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 11.1786427146 45% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 15.0 13.6137724551 110% => OK
Pronoun: 34.0 28.8173652695 118% => OK
Preposition: 59.0 55.5748502994 106% => OK
Nominalization: 30.0 16.3942115768 183% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2352.0 2260.96107784 104% => OK
No of words: 457.0 441.139720559 104% => OK
Chars per words: 5.1466083151 5.12650576532 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.62358717085 4.56307096286 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.65671602389 2.78398813304 95% => OK
Unique words: 209.0 204.123752495 102% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.457330415755 0.468620217663 98% => OK
syllable_count: 729.9 705.55239521 103% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.59920159681 100% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 8.0 4.96107784431 161% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.76447105788 91% => OK
Subordination: 5.0 2.70958083832 185% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.67365269461 60% => OK
Preposition: 7.0 4.22255489022 166% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 20.0 19.7664670659 101% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 22.8473053892 96% => OK
Sentence length SD: 80.2279720546 57.8364921388 139% => OK
Chars per sentence: 117.6 119.503703932 98% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.85 23.324526521 98% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.7 5.70786347227 100% => OK
Paragraphs: 6.0 5.15768463074 116% => OK
Language errors: 10.0 5.25449101796 190% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 8.20758483034 97% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 9.0 6.88822355289 131% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.67664670659 64% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.154287078508 0.218282227539 71% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0439476476224 0.0743258471296 59% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0581336388274 0.0701772020484 83% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.078703237479 0.128457276422 61% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0612447616104 0.0628817314937 97% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.3 14.3799401198 99% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 49.15 48.3550499002 102% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 7.1628742515 43% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 12.197005988 98% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.89 12.5979740519 102% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.15 8.32208582834 98% => OK
difficult_words: 99.0 98.500998004 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 12.3882235529 109% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 11.1389221557 97% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.9071856287 118% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 66.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 4.0 Out of 6
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.