In 1995 a microscopic fungus called phytophthora ramorum, or P. ramorum, was first detected in the forests of the western United States. P. ramorum infects trees and causes particularly serious damage in oak trees: in many infected oaks, leaves wither rapidly, large cracks appear in the bark, and the trees die. A spread of P. ramorum represents a serious threat to the forests in the western states. Several methods of protecting the forests have been proposed.
First, stopping P. ramorum spores from spreading would surely be an effective method. Spores are small particles through which all fungi, including P. ramorum, reproduce. Researchers have discovered that many P. ramorum spores can be found along hiking or biking trails, suggesting human-assisted spread by way of shoes and bicycle tires. A few measures to prevent such human-assisted spread-like encouraging hikers to wash their shoes and installing new bike scrubbers on bicycle trails-would be an effective and low-cost way to stop the spread of P. ramorum.
Second, there are a few fungicidal (fungus-fighting) chemicals that can be used to protect the oak trees. Some of these chemicals stimulate the oak trees’ natural defenses against the P. ramorum fungus and have been found in small-scale tryouts to significantly reduce the likelihood that the oaks will be infected.
A third way to fight P. ramorum is a practice called clear-cutting. This approach starts with cutting and burning the diseased oaks, but it also involves cutting and burning the seemingly healthy vegetation (bushes and other kinds of trees) surrounding the oaks. This is done because some of the surrounding plants and trees may be infected even though they do not show any symptoms of the disease. Cleaning large areas of vegetation in places where diseased trees are found is often an efficient measure to stop the spread of infections.
The reading and the lecture are both about the potential prevention of phytopthora ramorum, fungal disease, which destroy the oak tree in the forest of the Western United States. Whereas the author purposed three possible ways to stop its infestation in oak tree, the lecturer casts doubt on all the main point made in the passage. She added that even all the measures seem control the disease but its effective control is impossible by this methods.
First of all, the author says that human assisted spreading of the disease is prevalent; so, reducing this spreading by washing shoes and replacing bike scrubber containing its spore, the disease intensity can be controlled. however, the lecturer argues that even it is one of the way to control of the disease, its alone work cannot control the large intensity of diesease infestation. Furthermore, he points out that water assisted spreading of spores is the major way of disseminating disease which is very arduous to control.
Secondly, though the fungicide can control the disease however, this method seems impractical; for the treatment effectiveness, individual tree should be injected in tree's trunk which is very hard to carry out in every oak tree of the forest. this statement again negates the reasons of the author.
Lastly, the lecturer claims that despite clear cutting method is also effective to control fungal disease, it may have serious environmental consequences. he added that there will be no problem to run this method to control the disease only if the forest periphery has not rare type of vegetation which is barely grows rapidly; otherwise, its destruction may cause ecological imbalance.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 438, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[1]
Message: Did you mean 'these'?
Suggestion: these
... its effective control is impossible by this methods. First of all, the auth...
^^^^
Line 7, column 226, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: However
...he disease intensity can be controlled. however, the lecturer argues that even it is on...
^^^^^^^
Line 13, column 245, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: This
...y out in every oak tree of the forest. this statement again negates the reasons of ...
^^^^
Line 19, column 156, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
...ave serious environmental consequences. he added that there will be no problem to ...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, furthermore, however, if, lastly, may, second, secondly, so, whereas, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 21.0 22.412803532 94% => OK
Preposition: 31.0 30.3222958057 102% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1423.0 1373.03311258 104% => OK
No of words: 271.0 270.72406181 100% => OK
Chars per words: 5.25092250923 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.05734859645 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.72124147377 2.5805825403 105% => OK
Unique words: 155.0 145.348785872 107% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.571955719557 0.540411800872 106% => OK
syllable_count: 435.6 419.366225166 104% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 8.0 3.25607064018 246% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 27.0 21.2450331126 127% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 53.9204043012 49.2860985944 109% => OK
Chars per sentence: 142.3 110.228320801 129% => OK
Words per sentence: 27.1 21.698381199 125% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.0 7.06452816374 142% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0931440174676 0.272083759551 34% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0404698547129 0.0996497079465 41% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.064071691546 0.0662205650399 97% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.062424388705 0.162205337803 38% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.047439593775 0.0443174109184 107% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.8 13.3589403974 126% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 44.07 53.8541721854 82% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.8 11.0289183223 125% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.47 12.2367328918 110% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.82 8.42419426049 105% => OK
difficult_words: 66.0 63.6247240618 104% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.8 10.498013245 122% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.