The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperatures in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900 C.E. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientists have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disruption of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream current. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruptions could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruptions that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reasons (disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees and less carbon dioxide, Earth became cooler.
The article explains three possible causes of Little Ice Age, which includes the disruption of ocean currents, the eruptions of volcanoes and the lower populations of human. However, the professor in the lecture refutes the hypothesis in the article.
First of all, the article states that the Gulf Stream which sent cold freshwater cools down the earth climates. Nevertheless, the professor disagrees by providing the evidence that the affection from the Gulf Steam is limited in Europe and Northern United States. In other words, the area such as New Zealand and Africa is not included.
Second, the author explains that dust from the volcanic eruptions would block the sunlight and lower the temperature. On the other hand, the professor contends that if the dust covered most of the surface on earth, the human being at that time would record the abnormal phenomenon. But there was no related record has found in the history.
Third, it is also mentioned the decrease in human population increases the forest, thus it decreases the greenhouse effect. However, the professor replies that the population grew back soon at that time, and the fields replaced the forest meanwhile. The evidence of growing population strongly refutes the possibility of long-time global cooling.
In conclusion, the professor strongly disagrees the the proposals in the article with three valid evidences, which implies that the article is out of date.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 9, column 49, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: the
...usion, the professor strongly disagrees the the proposals in the article with three val...
^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 49, Rule ID: DT_DT[1]
Message: Maybe you need to remove one determiner so that only 'the' or 'the' is left.
Suggestion: the; the
...usion, the professor strongly disagrees the the proposals in the article with three val...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, if, nevertheless, second, so, third, thus, while, in conclusion, such as, first of all, in other words, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 6.0 10.4613686534 57% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 10.0 22.412803532 45% => OK
Preposition: 26.0 30.3222958057 86% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1217.0 1373.03311258 89% => OK
No of words: 230.0 270.72406181 85% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.29130434783 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.89432290496 4.04702891845 96% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.6240454201 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 131.0 145.348785872 90% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.569565217391 0.540411800872 105% => OK
syllable_count: 364.5 419.366225166 87% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 12.0 8.23620309051 146% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 36.1896048611 49.2860985944 73% => OK
Chars per sentence: 101.416666667 110.228320801 92% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.1666666667 21.698381199 88% => OK
Discourse Markers: 12.3333333333 7.06452816374 175% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.063404991384 0.272083759551 23% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0227439944915 0.0996497079465 23% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0228363722945 0.0662205650399 34% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0333244486699 0.162205337803 21% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0239635347962 0.0443174109184 54% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.1 13.3589403974 98% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 52.19 53.8541721854 97% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.4 12.2367328918 110% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.11 8.42419426049 108% => OK
difficult_words: 66.0 63.6247240618 104% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.