Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they oppose the specific points made in the reading passage.
In regard to the issue if pterosaurs were capable of powered flight. The reading passage points out that it is doubtable that pterosaurs could fly. Whereas, the writer and the lecturer are apparently sheer contradictory to each other.
Firstly, according to the author, pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded probably because they were ancient reptiles and modern reptiles are cold-blooded. Besides this, cold-blooded cannot generate a lot of energy needed to fly. The speaker, however, disclaims the point of view and declares that pterosaur fossils indicate that they had a dense hairlike covering similar to fur so they were capable to warm up themselves, which means pterosaurs were warm-blooded and they could supply the energy needed for powered flight.
Secondly, the reading holds that only animals under certain weight are able to fly, while pterosaurs were as large as giraffes, they may be too heavy to fly. By contrast, the professor disproves the claim of the reading, demonstrating that pterosaurs were light since their bones were hollow, despite their large body size, they still could fly.
Finally, the article asserts that if the animals with powered flight can take off from the ground, such as birds, they can take off by jumping or running. Therefore, if pterosaurs want to take off, they need big, powerful muscles in their back legs, but from fossilized bones, it shows that pterosaurs' back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow them to run fast or jump. On the other hand, the listening maintains an opposite opinion that it was not a problem to take off from the ground, there are important differences between birds and pterosaurs like birds use two legs for walking, while pterosaurs walked on all four limbs on the ground, they did not just use back legs. Thus, there was no trouble for them to use four limbs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Transition Words or Phrases used:
apparently, but, finally, first, firstly, however, if, may, second, secondly, so, still, whereas, while, in regard to, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 16.0 10.4613686534 153% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 26.0 22.412803532 116% => OK
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1386.0 1373.03311258 101% => OK
No of words: 275.0 270.72406181 102% => OK
Chars per words: 5.04 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.07223819929 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.52334292242 2.5805825403 98% => OK
Unique words: 157.0 145.348785872 108% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.570909090909 0.540411800872 106% => OK
syllable_count: 402.3 419.366225166 96% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 30.0 21.2450331126 141% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 92.156603161 49.2860985944 187% => OK
Chars per sentence: 154.0 110.228320801 140% => OK
Words per sentence: 30.5555555556 21.698381199 141% => OK
Discourse Markers: 15.1111111111 7.06452816374 214% => Less transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0920991223143 0.272083759551 34% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0520079891265 0.0996497079465 52% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0588249599754 0.0662205650399 89% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.069735639332 0.162205337803 43% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0392697253001 0.0443174109184 89% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.6 13.3589403974 132% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 49.49 53.8541721854 92% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.8 11.0289183223 125% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.54 12.2367328918 102% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.28 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 55.0 63.6247240618 86% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.0 10.498013245 133% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
apparently, but, finally, first, firstly, however, if, may, second, secondly, so, still, whereas, while, in regard to, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 16.0 10.4613686534 153% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 26.0 22.412803532 116% => OK
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1386.0 1373.03311258 101% => OK
No of words: 275.0 270.72406181 102% => OK
Chars per words: 5.04 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.07223819929 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.52334292242 2.5805825403 98% => OK
Unique words: 157.0 145.348785872 108% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.570909090909 0.540411800872 106% => OK
syllable_count: 402.3 419.366225166 96% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 30.0 21.2450331126 141% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 92.156603161 49.2860985944 187% => OK
Chars per sentence: 154.0 110.228320801 140% => OK
Words per sentence: 30.5555555556 21.698381199 141% => OK
Discourse Markers: 15.1111111111 7.06452816374 214% => Less transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0920991223143 0.272083759551 34% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0520079891265 0.0996497079465 52% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0588249599754 0.0662205650399 89% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.069735639332 0.162205337803 43% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0392697253001 0.0443174109184 89% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.6 13.3589403974 132% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 49.49 53.8541721854 92% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.8 11.0289183223 125% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.54 12.2367328918 102% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.28 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 55.0 63.6247240618 86% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.0 10.498013245 133% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.